Supplementary Materials from Global Cancer in Women: Burden and Trends

<p>Supplementary Table S1. Leading causes of death among females worldwide, 2012 Number of deaths for top ten causes of death among females worldwide Supplementary Table S2. Leading causes of death among females by world region, 2012 Number of deaths for top ten causes of death among females by world region Supplementary Table S3. Estimated number of new cancer cases and deaths among females by world area, 2012 Number of cancer cases and deaths for all cancer sites combined among females by world region Supplementary Figure S1. Female breast cancer incidence and mortality rates, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized breast cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized breast cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S2. Female breast cancer incidence trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1973-2012 Observed age-standardized female breast cancer incidence rates, select countries, all ages, 1973-2012 Supplementary Figure S3. Female breast cancer survivors diagnosed in last five years (through 2012 or latest available) World map: number of breast cancer survivors diagnosed within the last five years, per 100,000 population Supplementary Figure S4. Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized cervical cancer incidence rates and age-standardized cervical cancer mortality rates Supplementary Figure S5. Prevalence (%) of cervical HPV infection among women by region, all types combined, 1995-2009 World map of HPV prevalence (%) among women by world region Supplementary Table S6. Cervical cancer incidence trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1975-2007 Observed age-standardized cervical cancer incidence rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1975-2007 Supplementary Figure S7. Cervical cancer survivors diagnosed in last five years (through 2012 or latest available) World map: number of cervical cancer survivors diagnosed within the last five years, per 100,000 population Supplementary Figure S8. Uterine corpus cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized uterine corpus cancer incidence rates and age-standardized uterine corpus cancer mortality rates Supplementary Figure S9. Uterine corpus cancer mortality trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1990-2014 Observed age-standardized uterine corpus cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1990-2014 Supplementary Figure S10. Ovarian cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized ovarian cancer incidence rates and age-standardized ovarian cancer mortality rates Supplementary Figure S11. Ovarian cancer mortality trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1980-2014 Observed age-standardized ovarian cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1980-2014 Supplementary Figure S12. Colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized liver cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S13. Colorectal cancer incidence trends, females, select countries, 1980-2014 Observed age-standardized colorectal cancer incidence rates among females with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1980-2014 Supplementary Figure S14. Colorectal cancer mortality trends, females, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1975-2014 Observed age-standardized colorectal cancer mortality rates among females with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1975-2014 Supplementary Figure S15. Lung cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized lung cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S16. Population using solid fuels for heating and/or cooking, 2013 World map: percent of the population using solid fuels by country Supplementary Figure S17. Adult female smoking prevalence, age 15+ years, 2013 World map: percent of adult females (age 15+ years) who smoke by country, 2013 Supplementary Figure S18. Female youth smoking prevalence, age 13-15 years, 2011 or latest available data World map: percent of female youth (age 13-15 years) who smoke by country, 2011 or latest available data Supplementary Figure S19. Liver cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized liver cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S20. Hepatitis B virus prevalence, both sexes, from systematic review of studies 1957-2013 World map of HBV prevalence (%) among both sexes combined by country Supplementary Figure S21. Estimated hepatitis C virus prevalence, both sexes, 2005 World map of HCV prevalence (%) among both sexes combined by country Supplementary Figure S22. Liver cancer mortality trends, females, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1995-2014 Observed age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates among females with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1995-2014</p>

<p>Supplementary Table S1. Leading causes of death among females worldwide, 2012 Number of deaths for top ten causes of death among females worldwide Supplementary Table S2. Leading causes of death among females by world region, 2012 Number of deaths for top ten causes of death among females by world region Supplementary Table S3. Estimated number of new cancer cases and deaths among females by world area, 2012 Number of cancer cases and deaths for all cancer sites combined among females by world region Supplementary Figure S1. Female breast cancer incidence and mortality rates, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized breast cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized breast cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S2. Female breast cancer incidence trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1973-2012 Observed age-standardized female breast cancer incidence rates, select countries, all ages, 1973-2012 Supplementary Figure S3. Female breast cancer survivors diagnosed in last five years (through 2012 or latest available) World map: number of breast cancer survivors diagnosed within the last five years, per 100,000 population Supplementary Figure S4. Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized cervical cancer incidence rates and age-standardized cervical cancer mortality rates Supplementary Figure S5. Prevalence (%) of cervical HPV infection among women by region, all types combined, 1995-2009 World map of HPV prevalence (%) among women by world region Supplementary Table S6. Cervical cancer incidence trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1975-2007 Observed age-standardized cervical cancer incidence rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1975-2007 Supplementary Figure S7. Cervical cancer survivors diagnosed in last five years (through 2012 or latest available) World map: number of cervical cancer survivors diagnosed within the last five years, per 100,000 population Supplementary Figure S8. Uterine corpus cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized uterine corpus cancer incidence rates and age-standardized uterine corpus cancer mortality rates Supplementary Figure S9. Uterine corpus cancer mortality trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1990-2014 Observed age-standardized uterine corpus cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1990-2014 Supplementary Figure S10. Ovarian cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized ovarian cancer incidence rates and age-standardized ovarian cancer mortality rates Supplementary Figure S11. Ovarian cancer mortality trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1980-2014 Observed age-standardized ovarian cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1980-2014 Supplementary Figure S12. Colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized liver cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S13. Colorectal cancer incidence trends, females, select countries, 1980-2014 Observed age-standardized colorectal cancer incidence rates among females with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1980-2014 Supplementary Figure S14. Colorectal cancer mortality trends, females, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1975-2014 Observed age-standardized colorectal cancer mortality rates among females with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1975-2014 Supplementary Figure S15. Lung cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized lung cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S16. Population using solid fuels for heating and/or cooking, 2013 World map: percent of the population using solid fuels by country Supplementary Figure S17. Adult female smoking prevalence, age 15+ years, 2013 World map: percent of adult females (age 15+ years) who smoke by country, 2013 Supplementary Figure S18. Female youth smoking prevalence, age 13-15 years, 2011 or latest available data World map: percent of female youth (age 13-15 years) who smoke by country, 2011 or latest available data Supplementary Figure S19. Liver cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized liver cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S20. Hepatitis B virus prevalence, both sexes, from systematic review of studies 1957-2013 World map of HBV prevalence (%) among both sexes combined by country Supplementary Figure S21. Estimated hepatitis C virus prevalence, both sexes, 2005 World map of HCV prevalence (%) among both sexes combined by country Supplementary Figure S22. Liver cancer mortality trends, females, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1995-2014 Observed age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates among females with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1995-2014</p>

<p>Supplementary Table S1. Leading causes of death among females worldwide, 2012 Number of deaths for top ten causes of death among females worldwide Supplementary Table S2. Leading causes of death among females by world region, 2012 Number of deaths for top ten causes of death among females by world region Supplementary Table S3. Estimated number of new cancer cases and deaths among females by world area, 2012 Number of cancer cases and deaths for all cancer sites combined among females by world region Supplementary Figure S1. Female breast cancer incidence and mortality rates, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized breast cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized breast cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S2. Female breast cancer incidence trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1973-2012 Observed age-standardized female breast cancer incidence rates, select countries, all ages, 1973-2012 Supplementary Figure S3. Female breast cancer survivors diagnosed in last five years (through 2012 or latest available) World map: number of breast cancer survivors diagnosed within the last five years, per 100,000 population Supplementary Figure S4. Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized cervical cancer incidence rates and age-standardized cervical cancer mortality rates Supplementary Figure S5. Prevalence (%) of cervical HPV infection among women by region, all types combined, 1995-2009 World map of HPV prevalence (%) among women by world region Supplementary Table S6. Cervical cancer incidence trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1975-2007 Observed age-standardized cervical cancer incidence rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1975-2007 Supplementary Figure S7. Cervical cancer survivors diagnosed in last five years (through 2012 or latest available) World map: number of cervical cancer survivors diagnosed within the last five years, per 100,000 population Supplementary Figure S8. Uterine corpus cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized uterine corpus cancer incidence rates and age-standardized uterine corpus cancer mortality rates Supplementary Figure S9. Uterine corpus cancer mortality trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1990-2014 Observed age-standardized uterine corpus cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1990-2014 Supplementary Figure S10. Ovarian cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized ovarian cancer incidence rates and age-standardized ovarian cancer mortality rates Supplementary Figure S11. Ovarian cancer mortality trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1980-2014 Observed age-standardized ovarian cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1980-2014 Supplementary Figure S12. Colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized liver cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S13. Colorectal cancer incidence trends, females, select countries, 1980-2014 Observed age-standardized colorectal cancer incidence rates among females with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1980-2014 Supplementary Figure S14. Colorectal cancer mortality trends, females, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1975-2014 Observed age-standardized colorectal cancer mortality rates among females with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1975-2014 Supplementary Figure S15. Lung cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized lung cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S16. Population using solid fuels for heating and/or cooking, 2013 World map: percent of the population using solid fuels by country Supplementary Figure S17. Adult female smoking prevalence, age 15+ years, 2013 World map: percent of adult females (age 15+ years) who smoke by country, 2013 Supplementary Figure S18. Female youth smoking prevalence, age 13-15 years, 2011 or latest available data World map: percent of female youth (age 13-15 years) who smoke by country, 2011 or latest available data Supplementary Figure S19. Liver cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized liver cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S20. Hepatitis B virus prevalence, both sexes, from systematic review of studies 1957-2013 World map of HBV prevalence (%) among both sexes combined by country Supplementary Figure S21. Estimated hepatitis C virus prevalence, both sexes, 2005 World map of HCV prevalence (%) among both sexes combined by country Supplementary Figure S22. Liver cancer mortality trends, females, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1995-2014 Observed age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates among females with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1995-2014</p>

<p>Supplementary Table S1. Leading causes of death among females worldwide, 2012 Number of deaths for top ten causes of death among females worldwide Supplementary Table S2. Leading causes of death among females by world region, 2012 Number of deaths for top ten causes of death among females by world region Supplementary Table S3. Estimated number of new cancer cases and deaths among females by world area, 2012 Number of cancer cases and deaths for all cancer sites combined among females by world region Supplementary Figure S1. Female breast cancer incidence and mortality rates, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized breast cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized breast cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S2. Female breast cancer incidence trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1973-2012 Observed age-standardized female breast cancer incidence rates, select countries, all ages, 1973-2012 Supplementary Figure S3. Female breast cancer survivors diagnosed in last five years (through 2012 or latest available) World map: number of breast cancer survivors diagnosed within the last five years, per 100,000 population Supplementary Figure S4. Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized cervical cancer incidence rates and age-standardized cervical cancer mortality rates Supplementary Figure S5. Prevalence (%) of cervical HPV infection among women by region, all types combined, 1995-2009 World map of HPV prevalence (%) among women by world region Supplementary Table S6. Cervical cancer incidence trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1975-2007 Observed age-standardized cervical cancer incidence rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1975-2007 Supplementary Figure S7. Cervical cancer survivors diagnosed in last five years (through 2012 or latest available) World map: number of cervical cancer survivors diagnosed within the last five years, per 100,000 population Supplementary Figure S8. Uterine corpus cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized uterine corpus cancer incidence rates and age-standardized uterine corpus cancer mortality rates Supplementary Figure S9. Uterine corpus cancer mortality trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1990-2014 Observed age-standardized uterine corpus cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1990-2014 Supplementary Figure S10. Ovarian cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized ovarian cancer incidence rates and age-standardized ovarian cancer mortality rates Supplementary Figure S11. Ovarian cancer mortality trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1980-2014 Observed age-standardized ovarian cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1980-2014 Supplementary Figure S12. Colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized liver cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S13. Colorectal cancer incidence trends, females, select countries, 1980-2014 Observed age-standardized colorectal cancer incidence rates among females with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1980-2014 Supplementary Figure S14. Colorectal cancer mortality trends, females, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1975-2014 Observed age-standardized colorectal cancer mortality rates among females with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1975-2014 Supplementary Figure S15. Lung cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized lung cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S16. Population using solid fuels for heating and/or cooking, 2013 World map: percent of the population using solid fuels by country Supplementary Figure S17. Adult female smoking prevalence, age 15+ years, 2013 World map: percent of adult females (age 15+ years) who smoke by country, 2013 Supplementary Figure S18. Female youth smoking prevalence, age 13-15 years, 2011 or latest available data World map: percent of female youth (age 13-15 years) who smoke by country, 2011 or latest available data Supplementary Figure S19. Liver cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized liver cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S20. Hepatitis B virus prevalence, both sexes, from systematic review of studies 1957-2013 World map of HBV prevalence (%) among both sexes combined by country Supplementary Figure S21. Estimated hepatitis C virus prevalence, both sexes, 2005 World map of HCV prevalence (%) among both sexes combined by country Supplementary Figure S22. Liver cancer mortality trends, females, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1995-2014 Observed age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates among females with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1995-2014</p>

<p>Supplementary Table S1. Leading causes of death among females worldwide, 2012 Number of deaths for top ten causes of death among females worldwide Supplementary Table S2. Leading causes of death among females by world region, 2012 Number of deaths for top ten causes of death among females by world region Supplementary Table S3. Estimated number of new cancer cases and deaths among females by world area, 2012 Number of cancer cases and deaths for all cancer sites combined among females by world region Supplementary Figure S1. Female breast cancer incidence and mortality rates, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized breast cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized breast cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S2. Female breast cancer incidence trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1973-2012 Observed age-standardized female breast cancer incidence rates, select countries, all ages, 1973-2012 Supplementary Figure S3. Female breast cancer survivors diagnosed in last five years (through 2012 or latest available) World map: number of breast cancer survivors diagnosed within the last five years, per 100,000 population Supplementary Figure S4. Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized cervical cancer incidence rates and age-standardized cervical cancer mortality rates Supplementary Figure S5. Prevalence (%) of cervical HPV infection among women by region, all types combined, 1995-2009 World map of HPV prevalence (%) among women by world region Supplementary Table S6. Cervical cancer incidence trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1975-2007 Observed age-standardized cervical cancer incidence rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1975-2007 Supplementary Figure S7. Cervical cancer survivors diagnosed in last five years (through 2012 or latest available) World map: number of cervical cancer survivors diagnosed within the last five years, per 100,000 population Supplementary Figure S8. Uterine corpus cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized uterine corpus cancer incidence rates and age-standardized uterine corpus cancer mortality rates Supplementary Figure S9. Uterine corpus cancer mortality trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1990-2014 Observed age-standardized uterine corpus cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1990-2014 Supplementary Figure S10. Ovarian cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized ovarian cancer incidence rates and age-standardized ovarian cancer mortality rates Supplementary Figure S11. Ovarian cancer mortality trends, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1980-2014 Observed age-standardized ovarian cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1980-2014 Supplementary Figure S12. Colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized liver cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S13. Colorectal cancer incidence trends, females, select countries, 1980-2014 Observed age-standardized colorectal cancer incidence rates among females with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1980-2014 Supplementary Figure S14. Colorectal cancer mortality trends, females, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1975-2014 Observed age-standardized colorectal cancer mortality rates among females with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1975-2014 Supplementary Figure S15. Lung cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized lung cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S16. Population using solid fuels for heating and/or cooking, 2013 World map: percent of the population using solid fuels by country Supplementary Figure S17. Adult female smoking prevalence, age 15+ years, 2013 World map: percent of adult females (age 15+ years) who smoke by country, 2013 Supplementary Figure S18. Female youth smoking prevalence, age 13-15 years, 2011 or latest available data World map: percent of female youth (age 13-15 years) who smoke by country, 2011 or latest available data Supplementary Figure S19. Liver cancer incidence and mortality rates, females, age-standardized rate (world), 2012 Two world maps: age-standardized liver cancer incidence rates among females and age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates among females Supplementary Figure S20. Hepatitis B virus prevalence, both sexes, from systematic review of studies 1957-2013 World map of HBV prevalence (%) among both sexes combined by country Supplementary Figure S21. Estimated hepatitis C virus prevalence, both sexes, 2005 World map of HCV prevalence (%) among both sexes combined by country Supplementary Figure S22. Liver cancer mortality trends, females, age-standardized rate (world), select countries, 1995-2014 Observed age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates among females with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1995-2014</p>

<p>Supplementary Figure S1. All sites cancer incidence rates by sex, select registries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized all-sites cancer incidence rates for select registries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S2. All sites cancer mortality rates by sex, select countries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized all-sites cancer mortality rates for select countries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S3. Lung cancer mortality rates by sex, select countries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates for select countries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S4. Lung mortality trends by sex, select countries, 1950-2012 Observed age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, by sex, 1950-2012 Supplementary Figure S5. Colorectal cancer incidence rates by sex, select registries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized colorectal cancer incidence rates for select registries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S6. Colorectal cancer mortality rates by sex, select countries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized colorectal cancer mortality rates for select countries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S7. Female breast cancer incidence and mortality rates, select registries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized female breast cancer incidence and mortality rates for select registries for all ages, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S8. Female breast mortality trends, select countries, 1950-2012 Observed age-standardized female breast cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1950-2012 Supplementary Figure S9. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates, select registries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates for select registries for all ages, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S10. Prostate cancer mortality trends, select countries, 1950-2012 Observed age-standardized prostate cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1950-2012 Supplementary Figure S11. Stomach cancer mortality rates by sex, select countries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized stomach cancer mortality rates for select countries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S12. Stomach cancer mortality trends, males, select countries, 1950-2012 Observed age-standardized stomach cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, males, all ages, 1950-2012 Supplementary Figure S13. Liver cancer incidence rates by sex, select registries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized liver cancer incidence rates for select registries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S14. Liver cancer mortality rates by sex, select countries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates for select countries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S15. Esophageal cancer incidence rates by sex, select registries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized esophageal cancer incidence rates for select registries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S16. Esophageal cancer mortality rates by sex, select countries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized esophageal cancer mortality rates for select countries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S17. Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates, select registries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates for select registries for all ages, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region</p>

<p>Supplementary Figure S1. All sites cancer incidence rates by sex, select registries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized all-sites cancer incidence rates for select registries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S2. All sites cancer mortality rates by sex, select countries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized all-sites cancer mortality rates for select countries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S3. Lung cancer mortality rates by sex, select countries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates for select countries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S4. Lung mortality trends by sex, select countries, 1950-2012 Observed age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, by sex, 1950-2012 Supplementary Figure S5. Colorectal cancer incidence rates by sex, select registries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized colorectal cancer incidence rates for select registries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S6. Colorectal cancer mortality rates by sex, select countries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized colorectal cancer mortality rates for select countries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S7. Female breast cancer incidence and mortality rates, select registries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized female breast cancer incidence and mortality rates for select registries for all ages, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S8. Female breast mortality trends, select countries, 1950-2012 Observed age-standardized female breast cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1950-2012 Supplementary Figure S9. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates, select registries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates for select registries for all ages, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S10. Prostate cancer mortality trends, select countries, 1950-2012 Observed age-standardized prostate cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, all ages, 1950-2012 Supplementary Figure S11. Stomach cancer mortality rates by sex, select countries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized stomach cancer mortality rates for select countries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S12. Stomach cancer mortality trends, males, select countries, 1950-2012 Observed age-standardized stomach cancer mortality rates with a five-year moving average, select countries, males, all ages, 1950-2012 Supplementary Figure S13. Liver cancer incidence rates by sex, select registries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized liver cancer incidence rates for select registries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S14. Liver cancer mortality rates by sex, select countries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized liver cancer mortality rates for select countries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S15. Esophageal cancer incidence rates by sex, select registries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized esophageal cancer incidence rates for select registries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S16. Esophageal cancer mortality rates by sex, select countries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized esophageal cancer mortality rates for select countries for all ages, by sex, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region Supplementary Figure S17. Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates, select registries, 2003-2007 Ranking of age-standardized cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates for select registries for all ages, for the period 2003-2007, color-coded by region</p>

The burden of cancer is increasing worldwide due to ageing, growing populations and increased exposure to major risk factors, including unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle and for many populations, tobacco smoking (Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration et al., 2015). This trend is part of a wider phenomenon of increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (World Health Organization, 2011). Deaths from NCDs are projected to increase from 38 million to 52 million between 2012 and 2030 (World Health Organization, 2014). The NCD burden is not evenly distributed, with more than 80% of all premature NCD deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The growing burden of cancer in developing countries is due to changes in lifestyle and reproductive factors, which complement a pre-existing high burden caused by infectious diseases (Bray, Jemal, Grey, Ferlay, & Forman, 2012; Kanavos, 2006). Much of the cancer burden in developing countries is preventable through lifestyle modification, tobacco control, screening and vaccination (Kanavos, 2006). As a result of overburdened, poorly developed and fragmented health care systems, the prevailing lack of prevention, early detection and treatment interventions contributes to a disproportionately higher cancer mortality in these countries. Given many competing priorities, governments and donor agencies lack the resources and strategic direction to address the scale of the NCD challenge (Reeler & Mellstedt, 2006). Underfinanced health care facilities are not able to offer complex and expensive cancer treatments (Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration et al., 2015). Another important issue is the lack of appropriate data on cancer incidence, mortality and outcomes of services. These data are necessary to understand the extent of the cancer problem across the population, and to monitor status changes in incidence and mortality, including responses to cancer control initiatives, such as treatment and preventive programmes (Bray, Znaor, et al., 2015; Parkin, 2006). In this commentary, we provide an overview of cancer epidemiology and cancer registration challenges in LMIC, with a special focus on the Pacific Islands. There were an estimated 14.1 million new incident cancer cases and 8.2 million cancer deaths globally in 2012, with 57% of new cases and 65% of the cancer deaths occurring in the less developed countries (Ferlay et al., 2013). Large increase in global cancer burden is projected by 2025 (Bray, 2014). Increases in cancer incidence are projected to be proportionally greatest in LMIC (Bray et al., 2012). According to GLOBOCAN data, the overall age-standardised cancer incidence and cancer mortality rates in less developed regions were 147.7 and 98.4 per 100 000 people in 2012 (Ferlay et al., 2013). The most frequent cancer sites were lung, breast, stomach, liver and colon/rectum. By comparison, the corresponding cancer incidence and mortality rates in more developed regions were 267.2 and 108.5 per 100 000 respectively. The smaller elevation in mortality than incidence in more developed areas reflects both a difference in mix towards less lethal cancer types and better survival. The incidence gap is closing rapidly, however, as developing countries adopt "Western" lifestyle and health behaviours (Bray, 2014). In more developed areas, breast, prostate, lung and colorectal cancers comprise approximately half of all cancers, whereas in less developed areas, stomach, liver and cervical cancers play a more important role (Ferlay et al., 2015). Infectious agents play an important role in the genesis of these cancers highlighting the greater importance of infections as a cancer cause in developing countries. Infections are responsible for an estimated 25% of cancers in developing countries, whereas the corresponding proportion is about 10% in developed countries (Plummer et al., 2016). In recent decades, a cancer transition has taken place, however, with an increasing incidence of breast, colorectal and prostate cancers also taking place in less affluent populations which historically had a lower risk of these cancers (Bray et al., 2012). Changes in reproductive, dietary, metabolic, hormonal and behavioural factors are likely to be responsible for this transition. Pacific Islands countries and territories (PICTs) comprise 20 000–30 000 islands in the Pacific Ocean (World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, 2012). PICTs vary in stage of human development, size, culture and economic resources; however, they all face the triple burden of NCDs, communicable diseases and the impact of climate change (World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, 2012). PICTs have one of the highest NCD incidence rates in the world, comprising the leading cause of mortality. Relatively small populations, large physical areas with long distances, geographic isolation, reliance on overseas assistance and weak economies complicate the provision of the health care services that would be essential to address this increasing public health challenge. The cancer burden is thought to be increasing in the PICTs, although only limited quantitative evidence is available due to a paucity of cancer incidence and mortality data (Moore et al., 2010; Varghese, Carlos, & Shin, 2014). Eight of the 22 PICTs were included in the GLOBOCAN 2012 (Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu) (Ferlay et al., 2013). Most of these PICTs had national incidence data for some diagnostic time periods, but not Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands, where all cancer rates or rates for neighbouring countries have been used to estimate cancer incidence. Meanwhile, mortality data were missing for Guam, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu, where mortality estimates were derived from estimated national incidence rates and modelled survival. None of the PICTs were reflected in or contributed to the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Volume X (CI5-X) publication (Forman et al., 2014), indicating their relatively low availability of high quality data. According to GLOBOCAN 2012, cancer incidence was estimated to be highest in New Caledonia (age-standardised rate (ASR) of 330.7 for men and 269.3 for women per 100 000) and in French Polynesia (ASR 287.4 for men and 227.3 for women per 100 000) (Ferlay et al., 2013). Similarly, age-standardised cancer mortality rates were estimated to be highest in French Polynesia (ASR 153.9 for men and 116.3 for women per 100 000) and New Caledonia (ASR 146.0 for men and 112.0 for women per 100 000). In all other countries, cancer incidence estimates were below the World average, with cancer incidence generally higher among women than men. The most common cancers among men were estimated to be prostate, lung, stomach, liver and lip/oral cavity cancers. For women, breast cancer was ranked as the most common cancer in all countries, except in Papua New Guinea where cervical cancer was most common. Notably Papua New Guinea accounts for over a third of the total Pacific population at over 6 million, thereby increasing the contribution of cervical cancer to the cancer burden in the Pacific region. A study examining cancer incidence in four PICTs (Fiji, Tonga, Cook Islands and Niue) reported that age-standardised cancer incidence was lower in these countries than among Pacific people living in New Zealand (Foliaki et al., 2011). Under-recording is likely to have contributed to these differences. Despite relatively low (reported) cancer incidence in many PICTs, cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the region (Carter et al., 2011, 2016; Pacific Regional Central Cancer Registry, 2015). There are distinguishing features of cancer epidemiology in the PICTs, such as very high thyroid cancer incidence in New Caledonia and French Polynesia (Ferlay et al., 2013), a high burden of cervical and uterine cancers, especially in Fiji and the Cook Islands (Foliaki et al., 2011; Law et al., 2013) and a high burden of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers linked with betel nut chewing (Moore et al., 2010; Pacific Regional Central Cancer Registry, 2015). Nuclear tests conducted by France in French Polynesia and by the US in Marshall Islands have been linked to increased thyroid cancer and leukaemia rates (Bouchardy, Benhamou, de Vathaire, Schaffar, & Rapiti, 2011; Simon, Bouville, Land, & Beck, 2010). Data collected by population-based cancer registries (PBCR) are the gold standard for providing information on cancer incidence across geographic areas and for planning population-wide cancer control programmes (Bray, Znaor, et al., 2015). Full case ascertainment and unbiased information on cancer burden is optimally achieved where there is a well-functioning health care system. Availability as well as quality of cancer incidence and mortality data tends to increase with development and infrastructure levels, with many LMIC still without cancer registration systems in place or hospital- or pathology-based registration systems that are not population-based. In addition to cancer data, population denominator data are also needed in order to provide accurate information on cancer incidence rates. These data commonly come from censuses which may be rarely or irregularly conducted in developing countries (Valsecchi & Steliarova-Foucher, 2008). Population-based cancer registries systematically collect information on all cancers occurring in a defined population using multiple data sources, whereas hospital- and pathology-based registries collect information on cases treated/diagnosed in selected institutions or laboratories (Bray, Znaor, et al., 2015). While useful, such data may not be representative of the overall population experience and may contain important statistical biases from a population perspective. While data collected from hospital- or pathology-based registries may provide a misleading cancer profile for the general population, they still can be useful for hospital administration purposes, for reviewing clinical performance and for providing information about cancer profiles of people who obtain hospital/pathology services (Bray, Znaor, et al., 2015; Valsecchi & Steliarova-Foucher, 2008). There are many challenges with cancer registration in developing countries, including weak or non-existent health care infrastructures, lack of accurate death records and population data, complicating issues related to cultural norms and problems caused by political and economic instability, and mobile populations (Parkin & Sanghvi, 1991; Valsecchi & Steliarova-Foucher, 2008). In order to register all cases of cancer, data need to be collected from multiple sources, including hospitals, laboratories and death certificates (Bray, Znaor, et al., 2015). Lack of health care networks, poorly developed communications between different stakeholders as well as inability to uniquely identify individuals complicate the collection of these data (Valsecchi & Steliarova-Foucher, 2008). Underestimation of both cancer cases and deaths is commonplace where many people lack access to basic health care services and cancers and cancer deaths go unrecorded, as may apply in particular in the rural areas. People may die at home and be buried at home or otherwise locally without reporting to government authorities (Jedy-Agba et al., 2015). Poor transportation networks and phone connections, cultural and religious constraints, preference for traditional healing and taboos and stigmas relating to cancer contribute to an underestimation of numbers of cancer and a lack of follow-up for registered cases (Valsecchi & Steliarova-Foucher, 2008). In addition to these technical challenges, a lack of financial and material resources, trained personnel and support from governments, policymakers and health professionals further complicates cancer registration. As cancer registration involves considerable costs, regional registries collecting data on sub-national samples have been considered good options in some low-resource countries (Bray, Znaor, et al., 2015). When cancer data are collected, there may be issues with quality, such as low proportions of cases confirmed microscopically due to a lack of pathology services (Bray, Ferlay, et al., 2015). Cancer diagnoses may be based on clinical examination only, with greater uncertainty (Parkin & Sanghvi, 1991). Another important indicator of poorer data quality is a high percentage of cases registered from death certificates only (DCOs), reflecting incomplete case identification (Bray, Ferlay, et al., 2015). On the other hand, a total lack of DCOs may indicate failure to use death certificate information or to link death information to the cancer registry (Curado, Voti, & Sortino-Rachou, 2009). Accuracy of diagnostic information derived from death certificates is generally suboptimal. In addition, there may be specific problems in developing countries in relation to the quality of death certification, with information on causes of death often missing/erroneous and with certificates often completed by lay-people instead of medical doctors. In addition to cancer diagnosis and death data, other essential data may be missing or incomplete, including birth date, age and place of residence (Jedy-Agba et al., 2015). Lack of co-operation and difficulties in accessing data from several data sources may be caused by general distrust of government-related activities, lack of a culture of data collection and concerns about confidentiality (Jedy-Agba et al., 2015). Making cancer a registrable disease by government regulations can mitigate challenges in data collection and increase the authority of PBCR, although success is likely to depend on availability of resources and culture and politics of the country. Continuous monitoring and mentoring involving both local and international experts and sustainable funding models are often essential for ongoing, successful registration (Jedy-Agba et al., 2015). Commonly, low cancer data quality stems from overall weakness of health care system and, therefore, wide-ranging system-level improvements would materially improve registry quality. The first cancer registry in the PICTs was established in Papua New Guinea in 1958 (Foliaki et al., 2011). According to information from the World Health Organization, many PICTs have cancer registries nowadays (World Health Organization, 2016). In addition, most PICTs have collected census information in recent years (Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 2016). There are issues, however, with quality, coverage and completeness of cancer data (Dachs et al., 2008; Moore et al., 2010; Shin, Carlos, & Varghese, 2012). Many of the registration challenges mentioned earlier in this commentary are familiar to PICTs. Lack of infrastructure, coordination and funding, poorly developed health care systems, under-recording as well as poor quality of death certificates and diagnostic information complicate the collection of cancer data in many PICTs (Palafox et al., 2004). Along with vast distances between PICTs and degree of remoteness, the high proportions of foreign contract workers in some islands, and conversely the extent to which the birth population has migrated off-island impact the development of sustainable infrastructure. Different development agencies, including funders of new programmes, often request data in formats and using software modules that are not familiar to local data custodians complicating the meaningful collection and utilisation of data at the regional level. Many PICTs have close relationships with 'host' countries (the US, New Zealand and France) and are dependent on external aid, including health development. There is an opportunity to review health development assistance platforms with one of the major initiatives being health information and monitoring. Due to natural conditions, many PICTs are dependent on imported food (World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, 2012). Financial incentives, such as the Nuclear Claims Tribunal in the Marshall Islands, may facilitate the case finding of certain cancer types, but not others. Natural and other disasters have destroyed cancer registry databases in Nauru (Palafox et al., 2004), Niue (Foliaki et al., 2011) and American Samoa (Tsark, Cancer Council of the Pacific Islands, & Braun, 2007). Due to limited treatment options, people diagnosed with cancer may die off-island and, therefore, may not be registered. The Global Monitoring Framework of WHO, subsequent to the United Nations high-level meeting to "launch and all-out attack" on NCDs in 2011, specifically mentions the recording of cancer incidence by type of cancer per 100 000 population as an indicator to monitor 2025 targets; thereby placing an onus on countries to establish PBCR. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in collaboration with major international and national partner organisations established the Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development (GICR) in 2011 (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2014, 2016). The aim of the GICR is to improve the coverage, quality and networking capacities of PBCR in LMIC. The GICR is organised around Regional Hubs for providing technical support and on-site training, assessing data quality and overall capacity for development, coordinating different activities and monitoring overall progress in the region. One of these is the emerging Pacific Islands Regional Hub which will focus on supporting cancer registries and improving data collection and data utilisation for cancer control in Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Guam, French Polynesia and Samoa. The Hub will be governed by an Advisory Board comprising regional experts from participating PICTs, along with Australia and New Zealand, and other local experts in the use of registry data to support local service delivery and research. The Pacific Islands Regional Hub will comprise a collaboration of registry experts, local public health practitioners and administrations. The registry experts will provide support and consultancy services for existing registries, such as ongoing training and assistance with registration, quality assurance, statistical analysis and research activities, whereas local PICT public health practitioners and administrators will give direction to the use of these data for local service delivery. There is no question that the Pacific Hub initiative should be tested, along with obligations to establish PBCR. It will be critical to continually monitor progress and reassess implementation in terms of strategic approaches, steps taken, and local involvement to ensure full participation and ownership of the initiative by Pacific countries, as well as sustainability and effectiveness of the Hub activities. The US-associated PICTs (American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Belau) established the Cancer Council of the Pacific Islands and the Pacific Regional Central Cancer Registry in the early 2000s (Pacific Regional Central Cancer Registry, 2015; Tsark, Cancer Council of the Pacific Islands, & Braun, 2007). This collaboration has enabled the development of culturally appropriate cancer control strategies and activities for the US-associated PICTs, with publication of cancer incidence rates for 2007–2012. The key to the success has been culturally appropriate approaches, local capacity building and leadership, and funding support. The Pacific Islands Regional Hub seeks to build on this experience and through collaborative arrangements, provide complementary support services for other PICTs that are attuned to their needs. In order to strengthen cancer registration in the PICTs, improvements in health care systems and infrastructure are needed more generally and in quality of death certificates and diagnostic information systems. The key strategies for achieving these improvements include building governance structures which coordinate the responsibilities and actions of different stakeholders and using culturally appropriate methods in order to ensure strong local engagement and sustainability. The potential of the emerging Pacific Islands Regional Hub to serve a useful role in advancing and coordinating these activities will be tested. None to declare.

Previous studies indicate that cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer and most common cause of cancer mortality among women in Fiji. There is little published data on the epidemiology of cervical cancer in Pacific countries. To determine the incidence 2003-2009 of, and mortality 2003-2008 from, cervical cancer by ethnicity and period in Fiji, identify evidence of secular change and relate these data to other Pacific countries, Australia and New Zealand. Counts of incident cervical cancer cases (2003-2009) and unit record mortality data (2003-2008) from the Fiji Ministry of Health were used to calculate age-standardised (to the WHO World Population) cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates, and cervical or uterine cancer mortality rates, by ethnicity, with 95% confidence intervals. On the basis of comparison of cervical cancer mortality with cervical or uterine cancer mortality in Fiji with similar populations, misclassification of cervical cancer deaths is unlikely. There is no evidence of secular change in cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates for the study period. For women of all ages and ethnicities, the age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer (2003-2009) was 27.6 per 100,000 (95% CI 25.4-29.8) and the age-standardised mortality rate (2003-2008) was 23.9 per 100,000 (95% CI 21.5-26.4). The mortality/incidence ratio was 87%. Fijians had statistically significant higher age-standardised incidence and mortality rates than Indians. Fiji has one of the highest estimated rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality in the Pacific region. Cervical cancer screening in Fiji needs to be expanded and strengthened.

<p>Supplemental Figure 1. Age-standardized cancer incidence (2010-2019) rates by age group and sex in the United States for a) melanoma, b) stomach cancer, c) colon and rectum cancer, d) kidney cancer, e) pancreas cancer, f) bones and joints cancer, g) precursor B non-Hodgkin lymphoma; h) diffuse large B cell lymphoma, i) plasma cell neoplasms, j) mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Supplemental Figure 2. Age-standardized stomach cancer incidence (2010-2019) rates by age group and anatomic site in the United States: cardia, non-cardia, and overlapping site and not otherwise specified. Supplemental Figure 3. Age-standardized female breast cancer incidence (2010-2019) rates by age group and estrogen receptor (ER) status in the United States: ER-positive and ER-negative. Supplemental Figure 4. Age-standardized colorectal cancer incidence (2010-2019) rates by age group and anatomic site in the United States: colon cancer and rectum cancer. Supplemental Figure 5. Age-standardized uterine cancer incidence (2010-2019) rates by age group and histology in the United States: endometroid, non-endometroid and sarcomas/other histologies. Supplemental Figure 6. Age-standardized kidney cancer incidence (2010-2019) rates by age group and anatomic site in the United States: renal cell and transitional cell carcinomas. Supplemental Figure 7. Age-standardized cancer incidence (2010-2021) rates by age group in the United States.</p>

Background: Consistent with observations from various developing regions of the world, cancer incidence and mortality rates have increased in the past two decades, and continue to increase in the Caribbean nation of Trinidad and Tobago (TT). The aim of this study was to describe patterns of incidence and mortality for the five leading cancers among men and women in TT. Methods: Cancer surveillance data collected between January 1995 and December 2007, by the Dr. Elizabeth Quamina Cancer Registry for Trinidad and Tobago were analyzed. Sex-specific, age-standardized cancer incidence and mortality rates (standardized to the World Standard Population) were calculated (per 100,000) for each year. Results: Between 1995 and 2007, there were 25,027 incident cases and 15,279 cancer deaths reported in TT. Cancer incidence and mortality rates among nationals of African ancestry were significantly higher than other ethnic/race groups (East Indians, mixed ancestry). The leading incident cancers among men were prostate, lung, colon, stomach, and hematologic cancers. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates fluctuated substantially and in any given year, prostate cancer incidence rates were more than 3 times that of the other leading cancers among men. Prostate cancer mortality rates increased fairly steadily throughout the study period. Incidence and mortality rates for cancers of the lung & bronchus, colon, stomach, and hematologic cancers remained stable during this time period. Among women, the leading incident cancer sites were breast, cervical, endometrial, colon, and ovarian. Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates increased steadily from 1995-2007. Cervical cancer incidence rates decreased during the study period while the mortality rates mortality rates almost doubled during the same time period. Incidence and mortality rates of endometrial, colon and ovarian cancers remained stable during this time period. Cancer incidence and mortality rates varied substantially, by geography (as shown across the catchment areas of the five Regional Health Authorities [RHAs] in TT). By RHA, average incidence rates were highest in areas covered by the Tobago RHA (188.3 per 100,000), followed by the Northwest RHA (NWRHA), which includes the capital, Port-of-Spain (170.8 per 100,000). Overall, average mortality rates were also highest in areas covered by the NWRHA (106.3 per 100,000). Conclusions: These findings indicate that there are significant disparities in cancer incidence and mortality by geography and ancestry in TT. The differences in the top cancer sites in TT compared to United States and other countries as well as the increasing cancer burden highlights the need for increased cancer research in the Caribbean. Our findings also highlight the need for further studies including planned molecular, genetic, and environmental studies, to further understand risk factors related to these differences or disparities in cancer burden in TT. These and other similar efforts will aid TT in strategies for increased cancer surveillance and creation of cancer prevention and control programs and policies. Citation Format: Wayne A. Warner, Adana A.M. Llanos, Tammy Y. Lee, Tanisha M. Williams, Kimberly M. Badal, Veronica Roach, Ret., Simeon Slovacek, Adetunji T. Toriola, Allana Roach, Damali Martin. Cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends in Trinidad and Tobago. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B46.

To describe the cancer incidence and mortality rates in 2006 and evaluate the cancer burden in China. Cancer registration data in 2006 from 34 cancer registries were collected, evaluated and pooled to calculate cancer incidence and mortality rates. The data analyses included mortality to incidence ratio (MI), morphological verification percentage (MV%) and proportion of death certification only (DCO%). Cumulative incidence and mortality rates were calculated using crude data, age-standardized data, and specific data for cancer site, age, sex and area (urban or rural). In 2006, 34 registries with qualified registration data covered a total population of 59,567,322 (46,558,108 in urban areas and 13,009,214 in rural areas). The crude and age-standardized cancer incidence rates were 273.66 per 100,000 and 190.54 per 100,000, respectively. The crude and age-standardized cancer mortality rates were 175.70 per 100,000 and 117.67 per 100,000, respectively. Cancers of lung, stomach, colon and rectum, liver, and breast in female were the five most common forms of cancer in China, which accounted for 58.99% of all new cancer cases. Lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer death, followed by stomach cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer. Cancer is still an important public health issue in China with an increasing disease burden. Specifically, the incidence rates for lung cancer, colorectal cancer and breast cancer were increasing, but those for stomach cancer and esophageal cancer were decreasing. However, age-specific incidence rate remained stable, indicating that the aging population was the major source of the increasing cancer burden.

The Burden of Genitourinary Malignancies in Southeast Asia from 1990 to 2021.

Incidence of liver cancer as one of the most common cancers worldwide and become the significant contributor for the mortality among cancer patients. The disease burden, risk factors, and trends in incidence and mortality of liver cancer globally was described subsequently estimated the projections of liver cancer incidence or mortality by 2040. Data regarding age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for liver cancer was obtained from multiple databases, including GLOBOCAN 2020, CI5 volumes I–XI, WHO mortality database, and Global Burden of Disease (GBD)-2019. Concentrating on worldwide variations, this thorough analysis offers insights into patterns of incidence and mortality based on gender and age. Our findings encompass significant indicators, including age-standardized rates (ASRs), average annual percentage change (AAPC), and future projections extending up to the year 2040. Liver cancer holds the sixth position in terms of most frequently diagnosed cancers and stands as the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2020, accounting for 905,677 new cases and 782,000 fatalities. Additionally, liver cancer contributed to 12,528,421 age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), with an age-standardized DALYs rate of 161.92 in 2019 worldwide. The age-specific incidence rates exhibited significant variations across different regions, showing a fivefold difference in males and females. A significant increase in incidence was observed in North Europe and Asia, while North African countries reported a higher mortality burden (ASR, 10 per 100,000) compared to developed countries. Since last few years, the incidence and mortality rates have increased and attained Annual Average Percentage Change (AAPC) incidence rate of 7.7 (95% CI 3.9–11.6) for men and the highest AAPC mortality rate of 12.2 (95% CI 9.5–15.0) for women. In 2019, Western Europe emerged as the high-risk region for DALYs related to smoking and alcohol consumption, while high-income North America carried a high risk for DALYs associated with a high body-mass index. The projected trend indicates a surge in new liver cancer incident cases, expected to rise from around 905,347 to an estimated 1,392,474 by 2040. This study described the evidence pertinent to higher incidence trends in liver cancer, particularly among both young and older adults, encompassing males and females, as well as those who are HIV-infected and HBsAg positive. A significant rise in the young population poses a significant public health concern that warrants attention from healthcare professionals to prioritize the promotion of health awareness and the development of effective cancer prevention strategies, particularly in many developing countries.

This study was conducted to estimate the incidence, mortality and survival rate of stomach cancer in elderly people in Korea. The source population was a Korean Elderly Phamacoepidemiologic Cohort (KEPEC), who were 65 years of age or older and living in Busan metropolitan city and Gyeongsangnam province, Korea. A subcohort of 38, 443 persons without stomach cancer were identified before enrolling the KEPEC. The stomach cancer incidence cases were detected from three different sources, the medical claims database of the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation (KMIC), the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR), and the Busan Cancer Registry (BCR). A hospital survey for abstracting the relevant information to confirm the final diagnosis of the potential cases from the medical claims database was conducted. A medical oncologist reviewed the data to confirm the final diagnoses and the date of onset. The mortality cases due to stomach cancer were detected from the mortality database at the National Statistical Office. The incidence rate, the survival rate and the mortality rate of stomach cancer and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated using SAS Windows ver. 8.1. There were 338 confirmed stomach cancer cases in the KEPEC between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1998. The age-standardized incidence rate of stomach cancer in the Korean elderly population was estimated to be 351.4 per 100, 000 person-years in males and 122.6 per 100, 000 person-years in females. In addition, 272 stomach cancer death cases were detected in the KEPEC between 1 Jan. 1994 and 31 Dec. 1998. The age-standardized mortality rate of stomach cancer to the Korean elderly population was estimated to be 268.5 per 100, 000 person-years in males and 93.7 per 100, 000 person-years in females. The one-year survival rate was 62.1% in males and 63.0% in females, which was considered to be statistically similar. The three-year survival rate was 38.9% in males and 40.9% in females. The five-year survival rate was 34.8% in males and 34.7% in females. The age-standardized male stomach cancer incidence rate and mortality rate to the Korean population were approximately three times higher than in female. However, there was little significant difference between males and females in terms of the overall survival rates. These results may be useful for planning a health policy for preventing and managing stomach cancer in Korea.