Abstract
(1) Background. Titanium is characterized by its biocompatibility, resistance to maximum stress, and fatigue and non-toxicity. The composition, surface structure, and roughness of titanium have a key and direct influence on the osseointegration processes when it is used in the form of dental implants. The objective of the present study is to characterize, at chemical, superficial, and biological levels, the result of the application of the sandblasted with large-grit and acid-etched (SLA) treatment consisting of coarse-grained and double-passivated acid blasting with subsequent decontamination with argon plasma on the surface of titanium implants type IV. (2) Methods. Four Oxtein® dental implants (Zaragoza, Spain) were investigated with the following coding: Code L63713T (titanium grade IV, 3.75 mm in diameter, and 13 mm in length). The surface of the implants was SLA type obtained from coarse-grained, double passivated acid, and decontaminated with argon plasma. The samples were in their sealed packages and were opened in our laboratory. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique was used to characterize the chemical composition of the surface, and the scanning electronic microscope (SEM) technique was used to perform topographic surface evaluation. Cell cultures were also performed on both surfaces. (3) Results. The superficial chemical analysis of the studied samples presented the following components, approximately, expressed in atomic percentage: O: 39%; Ti: 18%; C: 39%; N: 2%; and Si: 1%. In the same way, the topographic analysis values were obtained in the evaluated roughness parameters: Ra: 1.5 μm ± 0.02%; Rq: 1.31 μm ± 0.33; Rz: 8.98 μm ± 0.73; Rp: 5.12 μm ± 0.48; Rv: 3.76 μm ± 0.51; and Rc: 4.92 μm ± 0.24. At a biological level, the expression of osteocalcin was higher (p < 0.05) on the micro-rough surface compared to that machined at 48 and 96 h of culture. (4) Conclusions. The data obtained in our study indicate that the total carbon content, the relative concentration of titanium, and the roughness of the treatment performed on the implants are in agreement with those found in the literature. Further, the roughness of the treatment performed on the implants throws a spongy, three-dimensional surface suitable for bone growth on it. The biological results found are compatible with the clinical use of the surface tested.
Highlights
After 1969, with the discoveries of Brånemark, biomedicine, and dentistry, entered one of the greatest revolutions in its history
The data obtained in our study indicate that the total carbon content, the relative concentration of titanium, and the roughness of the treatment performed on the implants are in agreement with those found in the literature
In the human mouth, titanium can be in contact with various ions, such as fluoride from toothpastes, with H2O2, or with acids such as lactic acid, which have been cited as the causes of titanium corrosion [2,3]
Summary
After 1969, with the discoveries of Brånemark, biomedicine, and dentistry, entered one of the greatest revolutions in its history. The concept of osseointegration appeared, which was based on the capacity of titanium as an artificial device capable of interacting with the organism and allowing adequate long-term interaction with the bone [1]. Titanium is characterized by its biocompatibility, resistance to maximum tension and fatigue, non-toxicity. To determine the physical-chemical characteristics of titanium and its influence on the response of tissues, two types of study were conducted. One focused on the chemical properties of surface, and the other aimed at analyzing the topography of it. Both characteristics affect cellular and tissue behavior. Other materials have been used for the purpose of inserting dental implants [4,5]
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