‘Such was the dread of the people at the Ground Officer that they groaned even in their beds.’ The Role of Ground Officers on Landed Estates in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland c. 1790–1930

Firewater, Desire, and the Militiamen’s Christmas Eve in San Geroónimo, Baja Verapaz, 1892

CHAPTER 6 - Scotland

A Century of Public Health in Britain (1832–1929): By J.H. Harley Williams, M.D., D.P.H., Medical Commisioner, National Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis. London: A. & C. Black, Ltd., 1932 pp. 314. Price 7s. 6d. net.

Authority and Projection Appeals to authority are almost universally found in religious traditions. When people ask the “why do we do it this way?” question and demand an answer, the answers offered—designed to manufacture consent—are almost always linked to locally authoritative figures, texts, icons, symbols, and so on. We say “locally authoritative” because none of these things are authoritative for all societies in all times and places. What is authoritative here may not be authoritative there, and what is authoritative now may not have been authoritative then. There are at least three types of authority. First, there are authoritative things : texts, rituals, practices, and so on. The US constitution is clearly an authoritative text in the United States. The Bible is an authoritative text for Christians. Zazen—a type of meditation—is an authoritative practice for Zen Buddhists. A second type of authority is linked to religious figures or social positions above one in a social hierarchy. For instance, the Dalai Lama is an authoritative figure for Tibetan Buddhism. The pope is an authoritative figure for Catholicism. The president is an authoritative figure in the United States. For those who claim to be adherents to these traditions, the actions or commands of these authoritative figures have a special, important, or sacred status. US citizens aren't expected to follow what the president of Iran says, but they are expected to respect the authority of the American president.

The thirteenth Earl of Eglinton was a Scottish peer, estate owner and lifelong Tory. During the mid-nineteenth century he played an important role in sport and politics in Ayrshire, Scotland, and the rest of the British Isles. His early life suggested he was rooted in the past, and he is most famous for the fiasco of his hugely expensive tournament in 1839, which was ruined by rain. But he enlisted the help of developing technology, such as railways and the electric telegraph, to facilitate the spread and enjoyment of sport in Scotland. He became a leading racehorse owner, breeder and Jockey Club member, who won the Derby once and the St Leger three times, and organized leading race meetings at Eglinton Park. He also participated regularly in archery, curling, bowls and was a founding member of the North Berwick Golf Club. As well as participating, he fulfilled a variety of social leadership functions. He was a leading office-holder and patron in relation to sport, providing prizes, cups and medals to encourage a variety of sports such as curling and bowls in the areas, where he enjoyed influence or attracted deference. A patriot, devoted to Scotland and its heritage, he was also a Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, where he enjoyed some apparent popularity thanks to his open-handed methods.

Military educational institutions have become increasingly eager to utilize digital platforms and social media to communicate with the public and demonstrate their authority, value, and legitimacy both within their nation and globally. Social media, especially Instagram, which is very popular among the younger generation, is no longer on the periphery, but constitutes a new operational environment for educational, recruiting, and visibility purposes. Therefore, this academic paper analyses how the Armed Forces Academy of General M. R. Štefánik can utilize Instagram with a precise strategy to achieve its threefold mission: institutional branding, recruitment of future officers, and the incorporation of an additional educational platform for its cadets. This academic paper uses analytical, comparative, and descriptive methods. The study synthesizes academic literature on social media communication, examines Instagram practices of the Theresian Military Academy (@militaerakademie) in Austria, the University of Defence (@univerzitaobrany) in the Czech Republic, and the West Point Military Academy (@westpoint_usma) in the United States of America. Subsequently, this analysis critically evaluates AFA’s Instagram presence (@aosgen.m.r.stefanika) and suggests new approaches to elevate its public presence via social media. In addition, the academic paper demonstrates that authenticity in storytelling, educational microcontent, and human-centred narratives, grounded in and reflected within military culture, significantly enhances institutional credibility and public engagement. On the other hand, the underutilization of existing, widely used interactive features on Instagram, as well as the absence of microlearning and recruitment-oriented content, limits AFA’s digital media presence on these platforms. This academic paper concludes with a comprehensive framework for responsible and strategically oriented use of Instagram aligned with military culture, officer upbringing, and the AFA’s institutional ethos of Sapientia, Bonum, Patria.

The purpose of the paper is to describe the impact of community-led action research on food security and poverty alleviation on the production decisions and food adjustment strategies of farmers in a grain-producing village in northwest Bangladesh. The study used a mixed method approach with 80 respondents for the quantitative part (survey), which are distributed equally between gono-gobeshona participants and non-participant groups, and 30 for the qualitative part (10 in-depth interviews, 4 key informant interviews, 4 focus groups, and 10 case studies). Survey responses were analyzed using SPSS software and content analysis framework was used for qualitative data. The findings show that far more households who participated in the from the gono-gobeshona make joint decisions (by both husband and wife) in various aspects of production than non-participants. Women as authority figures were higher in number among the participants than the non-participants and more households in the non-participant group considered the husband as the authority figure. Finally, the community-led action research process met sustainability features and was inclusive across social positions.

The purpose of the paper is to describe the impact of community-led action research on food security and poverty alleviation on the production decisions and food adjustment strategies of farmers in a grain-producing village in northwest Bangladesh. The study used a mixed method approach with 80 respondents for the quantitative part (survey), which are distributed equally between gono-gobeshona participants and non-participant groups, and 30 for the qualitative part (10 in-depth interviews, 4 key informant interviews, 4 focus groups, and 10 case studies). Survey responses were analyzed using SPSS software and content analysis framework was used for qualitative data. The findings show that far more households who participated in the from the gono-gobeshona make joint decisions (by both husband and wife) in various aspects of production than non-participants. Women as authority figures were higher in number among the participants than the non-participants and more households in the non-participant group considered the husband as the authority figure. Finally, the community-led action research process met sustainability features and was inclusive across social positions.

The name of Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (1809-1847) is familiar to every serious musician, and many of his works are familiar to everyone who has had any exposure to Western art music. He is mentioned at least briefly in every general music-history and music-appreciation textbook and is granted an article in all major encyclopedias of music. He has been the subject of numerous biographies, and most libraries' shelves include at least one of the many published collections of excerpts from his correspondence. His music was widely published during his lifetime, a collected works edition was issued already in the 1870s, and numerous further editions have been issued since then. On the face of it, these observations might suggest that the educated musical public's knowledge of Mendelssohn's life and works is reasonably well-founded. But this impression is misleading, for Mendelssohn remains an elusive figure. Much of his music and the vast majority of his letters remain unpublished; despite an impressive array of reliable editions published in the last few decades, most of the works that have been printed continue to be known primarily through corrupt or otherwise unreliable texts; and substantial quantities of other significant primary source materials have never been studied by scholars or considered in the biographical and critical literature. In short, the evidence on which most modern images of Mendelssohn are based is too limited to be considered representative. Latter-day observers may be familiar with the composer's name, (1) with some aspects of his biography, and with a small portion of his output, but in Mendelssohn's case as with other major composers such one-dimensional knowledge is necessarily discomfiting. Over the last few decades, a remarkable revival of scholarly and general interest in Mendelssohn and his music has been generated by a growing cognizance of the extraordinary quantity, breadth, and import of the primary documents of his life and works; this revival in turn has increased general awareness that conventional views of the composer and his historical significance have been shaped at least as much by specious music-historiographic polemics as by viable historical and aesthetic considerations. (2) But these developments have had little impact beyond the relatively limited circles of Mendelssohn specialists. Music history textbooks, music criticism, and the press in general offer little evidence of any broadened perspective on the composer's life, works, and historical significance. The present remarks propose that the key to a historically and musically viable view of Mendelssohn as composer and nineteenth-century cultural figure is the substantial corpus of little-known primary sources that document his life and work. I begin by exploring some salient developments in Mendelssohn's convoluted reception history, then summarize the historical and modern dispositions of the epistolary, chronographic, and musical primary sources. I conclude with some brief case studies in the insights offered by these documents and a review of some important developments in Mendelssohn research that have been occasioned at least in part by scholars' engagement with little-known source material. For convenience, appendix 1 offers a bibliography of significant Mendelssohn research published since the 1997 commemorative year. The notes in this essay are keyed to those entry numbers whenever possible. (3) PROBLEMS OF RECEPTION HISTORY The widespread acclaim Mendelssohn enjoyed during his lifetime derived in no small part from the compositions he published: seventy-two numbered opera, plus an additional twenty-four minor publications released without opus numbers. Yet it would be misleading to attribute his prestige entirely or even primarily to his efforts as a composer, for his reputation from about 1835 onward also derived from his contributions in other areas of musical endeavor. …

Fourth graders’ (Re-)Reading, (historical) thinking, and (revised) writing about the black freedom movement

BackgroundRecent public health strategies aim to increase the control, or power, that individuals, communities and populations have over decisions that affect their daily lives. While systematic reviews have revealed the...

PitkÄnen, L. An aggression machine. I. The intensity of aggressive defence aroused by aggressive offence. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 56–64.‐Sixty 9‐year‐old boys were tested with an aggression machine (PAM) designed by the writer. PAM allows the variation of both S (light) and R (pressing a button) intensities. The stimuli and responses were given the designations of offensive and defensive aggression, respectively. The following main hypotheses were supported: (1) The intensity of impulsive aggressive defence to an aggressive offence was adapted to the intensity of attack. (2) The intensity of aggressive defence was determined by the authority of the attacker, the defence being strongest when the attacker was a person of the same age and status, and least vigorous when the attacker was a figure of authority or a weaker person. (3) The correlations of the intensity of aggressive defence against different attackers depended on the similarity of their social position; the correlations were higher the closer the position.

This paper extends but retains its original form as a verbal delivery to a conference, ‘Land, Nature, Justice’, convened by the solidarity group ‘Highland-Palestine’, at which the author shared a platform with the Palestinian natural historian, Professor Mazin Qumsiyeh of Bethlehem University. It compares the historical loss of biodiversity and culture (including linguistic) in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland with biblical prophetic exposition from the Holy Land. It treasures how, ranging from Gaelic bardic laments of the Highland Clearances to modern Scottish land reform, a biblically-inspired indigenous liberation theology has widened the aperture of imagination and strengthened political legitimacy. And it asks whether, in discipleship to the Jewish ethos of tikkun olam, the same theology might minister as ‘a light to the nations’ in such as Gaza too.

Within the span of one hundred pages, Rob Gibson takes the reader on a journey, primarily by road, occasionally by ferry, to sites of significance to the history of the Clearances in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Specific sites of struggle of resistance as well as atrocity are identified as the stories are narrated. Each of the fifteen chapters focuses on people's experiences in particular parts of the country on the mainland from Sutherland and Caithness in the north, Deeside and the Angus Glens towards the east, westwards by way of Perthshire, to Argyll, Moidart, and Kintail. The islands, from Orkney and Shetland in the north to the Inner and Outer Hebrides to the west, are also included. The geographical coverage is thus extensive, if somewhat uneven, greater attention being given to Sutherland and Caithness and Mainland Ross-shire than to other areas.

This article explores the effectiveness of academic papers in analyzing and solving real transportation technical and management problems. In essence, the paper extends the significance of transportation research beyond mere theory, but as practical instruments applicable to solving real transportation problems. The paper propose the introduction of a new research implementation section in academic papers that should clearly and logically propose strategic effective research for action; and the use of a new index called ‘Transportation Research Effectiveness' (TRE-index), with which the effectiveness of academic papers for real practical purposes could be evaluated. From the analyses carried out, which are based on both primary and secondary data sources, the article argues that academic papers could actually be evaluated to understand the degree of their effectiveness to analyzing and solving real transportation problems affecting private transportation firms and public transportation agencies on different levels.