Submerged bomb ecology: Reimagining underwater munitions in Stephen Hundley’s Tybee Bomb fiction

Liberation Speer Morgan The founding concepts of the United States are based on Enlightenment ideals of equality and freedom. Throughout our history these broad ideals have struggled against anything that might impinge on them, such as government controls, regulations, and taxation. This opposition, along with other forces both internal and external, has resulted in our share of strife, as well as occasional threats of systemic failure. In our nearly 250 years as a nation, we have fought wars and serious conflicts at an average of about one per generation, more than any other major military power. We have repeatedly armed and disarmed. We have also conducted systemic campaigns against perceived enemies—including Native Americans, Irish and other immigrants, blacks, “Leftists,” organized labor movements, and various others— within our own borders based on race and political beliefs. There have been plenty of moments of crisis that, while little remembered now, were real and threatening at the time. Our first real estate, debt, and securities crash as a nation happened less than ten years after the end of the Revolution. Among the notable people who went broke in that crash was Robert Morris. Morris had been the superintendent of finance who’d come up with the money to keep General Washington’s army in the field from 1781 through 1784 to finally win the war. Along with Alexander Hamilton, Morris helped establish the American financial system. Unfortunately, he was also a principal buyer of millions of acres of western lands, as well as real estate in Washington, D.C., which was the immediate disaster that brought him down and got him thrown into jail. Two years after the 1792 crash, the Whiskey Rebellion forced [End Page 5] President Washington—desperate for money to pay off Revolutionary War debt—to send fourteen thousand troops to Western Pennsylvania to quash an uprising over taxes on distilled spirits. Looking at the course of American history, it could be argued that the threats to our nation were apparent from the start and in some ways even foreshadowed by the Constitution. It is fortunate that genuine leaders and larger democratic efforts have arisen and fought back—moral, competent people such as Abraham Lincoln, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Franklin Roosevelt, and Martin Luther King—who have reminded us that we can continue to fight for a practical and resilient liberty. Liberation is a classic theme in literature. It comes in many forms, from bold statements of the free human imagination, such as Walt Whitman’s “Song of Myself,” to humble expressions of renewed vision, as in William Blake’s “The Tyger.” In tone, it may be celebratory, or it may be ominous or fatalistic, as in Melville’s Moby Dick, which dramatizes how moralistic quests for deliverance can in certain cases be nihilistic, worse than the evil the protagonist imagines fighting. It can also be angry and specific, as in Frederick Douglass’s 1845 narrative of his own life, in which he speaks of the diabolical hypocrisy of “the corrupt, slave-holding, women-whipping, cradle-plundering, partial and hypocritical Christianity of this land.” This issue’s stories include Thea Chacamaty’s “Earthquake Weather,” which portrays the dilemma of a pair of former West Coast rock musicians, Iris and her husband, George. Iris is pregnant with their first child, and they’ve settled in a house, bought with her sister’s money, which has just been leveled by an earthquake. Iris’s relationship with her sister, Patty, is tense, after Patty published a best-selling tell-all memoir about their dysfunctional family. With the house destroyed and no money to get through the short term, the couple has to rely again on Patty, but it doesn’t take long for her to discern things about her sister that paradoxically lead to a certain degree of unshackling from their family’s past. In his short story “Boulder,” Paul Smith’s unnamed narrator is a member of a construction crew laboring on a thirteen-mile addition to the interstate that two other companies are also working on. With sharp comic touches, the story reveals the internal politics and competition among contractors and subcontractors in an industry that doesn’t appear much...

: Unexploded ordnance (UXO) cleanup is the number one priority Army installation remediation/restoration requirement The problem is enormous in scope, with millions of acres and hundreds of sites potentially contaminated. Before the UXO can be recovered and destroyed, it must be located. UXO location requires surface geophysical surveys. The geophysical anomalies caused by the UXO must be detected, discriminated from geophysical anomalies caused by other sources, and ideally identified or classified. Recent UXO technology demonstrations, live site demonstrations, and practical UXO surveys for site cleanup confirm that most UXO anomalies can be detected (with probabilities of detection of 90 percent or better), however there is little evidence of discrimination capability (i.e., the false alarm rates are high), and there is no identification capability. Approaches to simultaneously increase probability of detection and decrease false alarm rate and ultimately to give identification/classification capability involve rational multisensor data integration for discrimination and advanced development of new and emerging technology for enhanced discrimination and identification. The goal of multisensor data integration is to achieve true joint inversion of data to a best-fitting model using realistic physics-based models that replicate UXO geometries and physical properties of the UXO and surrounding geologic materials. Data management, analysis, and display procedures for multisensor data are investigated. The role of empirical, quasi-empirical, and analytical modeling for UXO geophysical signature prediction are reviewed and contrasted with approaches that require large signature databases (e.g., expert systems, neural nets, signature database comparison) for training or best-fit comparison. A magnetic modeling capability is developed, validated, and documented that uses a prolate spheroid model of UXO.

: This report the findings and recommendations of a study, conducted for the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) to identify potential barriers to the transfer of technologies from the research and development phase to active field use for munitions detection. To conduct a practical, focused assessment of barriers to technology transfer, the study focused on two specific emerging technologies: Wide Area Assessment (WAA) and unexploded ordnance (UXO) discrimination. This report discusses WAA; a parallel report on UXO discrimination is also available. The issue of UXO detection and remediation technology transfer barriers has been discussed for the last decade, perhaps most notably in the Final Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Unexploded Ordnance1. That report identified two changes that would bring about significant cost savings: use WAA to reduce the footprint of potential Munition Response Sites (MRSs) and use discrimination technologies to reduce the number of holes dug looking for munitions. Over the lifecycle of an environmental action starting with site investigation (SI) and working through remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) and remedial action (RA) towards site closure, WAA has applicability on the front end and UXO discrimination has applicability during the RA phases (see Figure 1). The need for cost-effective WAA methods and technologies is driven by the magnitude of the effort the Department of Defense (DoD) must undertake to clean up UXO on former and active DoD lands. The DoD must examine millions of acres of land potentially contaminated with UXO to identify areas that actually contain UXO for cleanup. On much of the acreage perhaps 80% or more there are no UXO present; this area is presumptively clean and should be accepted as needing No Further Action (NFA) by all stakeholders.

DRAWING UPON recent scholarship in the study of travel, gender, science, colonialism, space, and medical discourse, our collection of essays offers an expansive and innovative revaluation of the picturesque. Although in contemporary parlance the term ‘‘picturesque’’ has been diminished to mean something like ‘‘appropriate for a postcard,’’ during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it invoked a contested field of aesthetic theory and practices, and it exerted a complex and extensive influence upon wide-ranging cultural activities such as poetry, fiction, landscape improvement, gardening, tourism, ecology, and politics. The picturesque was foremost (and remains today among art historians and literary scholars) a subject of theoretical controversy. During the eighteenth century, landowners, writers, landscape architects, and politicians argued over the political and ecological implications of this aesthetic with an almost apocalyptic fervor, as when Horace Walpole exclaimed that Richard Payne Knight, a prominent picturesque theorist of the 1790s, was a ‘‘Tom Paine’’ who would ‘‘Jacobinically’’ level the ‘‘purity’’ of English gardens (Lewis 339). These theories of landscape were then translated into a living aesthetic which gave rise to many new spatial and visual practices, including the rise of tourism as we know it today and, as Jonathan Bate has recently argued, the conservation movement (132). As a motivating and framing device for the hundreds of travelers who personalized the land and their relationship to it by visiting popular sites throughout Britain, the picturesque functioned as a propaedeutic in visual literacy, helping the tourist to make sense of his or her own perceptions. As William Gilpin suggested, the picturesque enlightened the ‘‘cold, untutored eye’’ (Observations II: 12). When used by writers of the period, the picturesque offered a seemingly boundless paradigm for exploring the complexities of representation itself. Moreover, using picturesque principles of landscape design, landscape architects throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries imprinted a recognizable pattern on millions of acres across several continents, in settings as various as England’s Blenheim Palace and New York City’s Central Park. Finally, the picturesque became a point of intersection in discussions of science, ecology, theories of association, and the psychology of perception. Whereas many earlier collections of essays such as Stephen Copley and Peter Garside’s The Politics of the Picturesque and W. J. T. Mitchell’s Landscape and Power generally identify

The aims of this research are to analyze and to identify the forms of locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary of speech acts in “Rembulan dalam Cappuccino” short story by Seno Gumira Ajidarma. The locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary of speech acts are the scope of Pragmatics where we know, one of the fields of linguistics that studies language along with its context is also called pragmatics. Basically, pragmatics is a scientific study that studies how a language is used in communication. In contrast to linguistics which studies and discusses the structure of language internally, pragmatic studies examine the meanings of external lingual units. The approach used in this research is qualitative approach with a pragmatic study. Then, the research method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method. The data and data sources used in this study is “Rembulan dalam Cappuccino” short story by Seno Gumira Ajidarma, and other sources such as books, articles, journals, and previous research that related to the locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary of speech acts study. The data collection technique that writer used is library research, with data analysis technique in the form of identifying and classifying data, analyzing and presenting data, and conclusion or verification. The result showed that there were 15 dialogues that contain types of locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary of speech acts from a total of 25 dialogues in that short story. As many as 13 dialogues that containing the type of locutionary, 15 dialogues that containing the types of illocutionary, and 1 dialogue which is a type of perlocutionary of speech acts.

: Millions of acres of former and currently used military training and testing ranges are potentially contaminated by surface and buried unexploded ordnance (UXO), giving rise to requirements for UXO environmental restoration of formerly used sites and for sustainable use and active range cleanup. Geophysical surveys are required to map the location of buried UXO. The major cost driver of current cleanup and restoration is the inability to discriminate between buried false alarm and UXO targets. Excavation of false alarm targets is the major cost driver of UXO cleanup. Application of complementary geophysical sensor systems increases the potential for discrimination of UXO targets from false alarm targets. Development of new and innovative data integration methods and cooperative geophysical inversion algorithms allows enhanced discrimination and gives potential for target classification.

In this paper, I will describe the history of Japanese science studies (In the Japanese language, the term “science studies” [Kagaku-ron] is used to indicate a broad area, which covers the history, philosophy, and social studies of science and technology.) from the beginning of the twentieth century to around the mid-1980s, and will argue how depoliticization took place in its history. Japanese science studies was formed under the conspicuous influence of German philosophy before World War II (hereafter WW II), especially in its neo-Kantian tradition. During the military regime, science studies offered a hiding place for Marxists. However, after the end of the Asian-Pacific War, British influence became stronger in the history and sociology of science in two stages. First, logical positivism arrived, in this case, mainly from the USA under the name of “analytic philosophy.” Second, the American influence was furthered by the introduction of Kuhn’s theory of paradigm which unexpectedly depoliticized Japanese science studies. This trend seems to have reflected the course of the Cold War. After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster, one of the most significant legacies of Cold War Science, we need to review the history of science studies in order to retrieve its “critical” function. Even though this paper focuses on Japan, comparable reflections should be made worldwide.

6 - Introduction to Underwater Unexploded Ordnance and Its Impact on the Environment

The author argues that in addition to evaluating potential threats posed by underwater munitions, such as unexploded ordnance and discarded military munitions, and determining how to best protect people and resources from those risks, threats must be addressed as ways to work through larger problems. Some relevant problems include sustaining oceans, coastal communities, and vibrant maritime economies, as well as understanding how a population may be affected by the changing world (e.g. ocean acidification) as it addresses these threats. An important part of addressing the larger problems can be professionals in the field, who can be held to a higher standard.

SummaryThrough-out the world, millions of acres of potentially productive land are contaminated with unexploded ordnance due to either past-conflicts or to military training. Low-level helicopter magnetometry (HeliMag) is currently being used to rapidly cover large areas and identify regions that are potentially clear of hazardous munitions. The configuration we currently use comprises seven cesium vapour magnetometers, horizontally spaced 1.5 meters apart on a boom several meters in front-of a Bell 206L helicopter. Magnetometer data are collected at 400 Hz at altitudes as low as 1.5 m above the ground along transects spaced 7 meters apart. From this dense, high-resolution data, potential metallic targets as small as an 81 mm mortar are identified using manual and/or automatic picking methods. The target picks are then used to estimate densities of potential contamination. 100% detection is generally not feasible, so that HeliMag is usually applied in a characterization rather than in a clearance mode. We describe a HeliMag survey collected over a UXO contaminated site at Yekau Lake, near Edmonton, Canada. The objective was to identify the location and extent of an 11.5 pound bomb target area. The target density estimates derived from manual picks were strongly influenced by geology and clutter and did not reflect the underlying density of ordnance and ordnance related clutter. By fitting a dipole model to each target pick, and comparing it to the expected response of the target item, we could estimate the density of objects with similar size/shape to an 11.5 pound bomb. This analysis clearly identified an area of elevated contamination in the same region where 11.5 pound bombs were found during ground reconnaissance. In summary, the new methodology significantly improves the interpretability of HeliMag data when used for UXO site assessment.

Experimental measurements of shock induced changes to the magnetization of unexploded ordnance

: The extent of buried munitions and explosives of concern (MEC), or unexploded ordnance (UXO), creates a serious environmental hazard in the U.S., especially where military bases and ranges are being converted to civilian use (millions of acres). The cleanup of these sites presents a formidable challenge to DoD, most prominently in terms of accurate and reliable detection and classification. Discrimination between MEC and relatively safe background clutter (scrap metal) is a monumental problem that depends on the instrument technology, as well as on the processing methodology that inverts the detection data to infer MEC. Reducing the number of false alarms in the detection process can save billions of dollars in the cleanup effort. That process and the consequent savings rely in large part on precise three-dimensional positioning (geolocation) of the detection sensors both to aid in the inversion of the data in post-survey data processing and in the mapping and recovery of locations with positive identification. Although the detection instrument technology has advanced significantly in the last decade, it is often still the geolocation technology that defines or limits the accuracy of MEC detection. The objective of this project was to develop and test novel geolocation algorithms applied to scenarios typical of MEC detection and recovery, where the precision goals are 1 cm and 10 cm for three-dimensional positioning of magnetic and electro-magnetic detection devices. The principal geolocation system was assumed to be based on inertial measurement units (IMUs) integrated with differential GPS. The GPS receiver presumably is of geodetic quality commensurate with the precision goals and serves as the reference system.

Interpretation of high-resolution low-altitude helicopter magnetometer surveys over sites contaminated with unexploded ordnance

: Munitions response is a high-priority problem for the Department of Defense (DoD). Approximately 3,800 sites, comprising tens of millions of acres, are suspected of contamination with military munitions, which include unexploded ordnance (UXO) and discarded military munitions. The Military Munitions Response Program (MMRP) is charged with characterizing and, where necessary, remediating munitions-contaminated sites. When a site is remediated, it is typically mapped with a geophysical system, based on either a magnetometer or electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor, and the locations of all detectable signals are excavated. Many of these detections do not correspond to munitions, but rather to other harmless metallic objects or geology: field experience indicates that often in excess of 99% of objects excavated during the course of a munitions response are found to be nonhazardous items. As a result, most of the costs to remediate a munitions-contaminated site are currently spent on excavating targets that pose no threat. If these items could be determined with high confidence to be nonhazardous, some of this expense could be avoided and the available funding applied to more sites. Classification is a process used to make a decision about the likely origin of a signal. In the case of munitions response, high-quality geophysical data can be interpreted with physics-based models to estimate parameters that are related to the physical attributes of the object that resulted in the signal, such as its physical size, aspect ratio, wall thickness, and material properties. The values of these parameters may then be used to estimate the likelihood that the signal arose from an item of interest, that is, a munition.

James Alan McPherson Biographical Note & Bibliography John McCluskey Jr. (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution James Alan McPherson September 16, 1943—July 27, 2016 Photograph courtesy of University of Iowa Foundation [End Page 735] James Alan McPherson was born on September 16, 1943, in Savannah, Georgia, the second of four children. His father, James, Sr., was a master electrician; his mother, Mabel Small, was a domestic. After high school graduation he enrolled at Morris Brown College for his freshman year, attended Morgan State University for two years before returning to Morris Brown for his undergraduate degree in history and English in 1965. In 1968 McPherson received his LLB. degree from Harvard Law School. Three years later he received his MFA degree in creative writing from the University of Iowa. By this time he had decided not to practice law, though he would apply his legal education in his writing. “On Becoming an American Writer” (nonfiction) and the short story “A Sense of Story” can serve as just two affecting examples. He taught at the University of Santa Cruz (assistant professor, 1969–1971), Morgan State University (assistant professor, 1975–1976), and the University of Virginia (associate professor, 1976–1981) before returning to the Iowa Writers’ Workshop in 1981. Teaching and visiting stints included Yale Law School (1978–1979), Stanford University’s Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (1997–1998), and Meiji University and Chiba University, Japan. The visits to Japan provided the essential platforms for his insights on region and relationships in his memoir, Crabcakes. In 1972, McPherson was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1978 for Elbow Room, his short story collection. He was recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship in 1981, a member of the first group to be selected for that prestigious award. In 1995, McPherson was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His short story “Gold Coast” was selected in 2000 for Best American Short Stories of the Century by John Updike. James Alan McPherson died on July 27, 2016, in Iowa City, Iowa. He is survived by his daughter Rachel (born during his first marriage to the former Sarah Charlton); a son, Benjamin Miyamoto; a sister; and a brother. He was Professor Emeritus at the Iowa Writers’ Workshop and Department of English. [End Page 736] FICTION Hue and Cry: Stories. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1969. Elbow Room: Stories. New York: Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1977. “Reflections of Titus Basfield.” Harper’s (June 2000). Excerpt from a novel chapter. NONFICTION Railroad: Trains and Train People in American Culture. Edited with Miller Williams. New York: Random House, 1976. McPherson’s contributions: “Some Observations on the Railroad and American Culture” “The Story of the Underground Railroad” “The Unknown Bandits: Evans and Sontag” “Plessy v. Ferguson—Our Constitution is Color-blind” Confronting Racial Difference. Edited with DeWitt Henry. Ploughshares 16.2/3 (1990). Crabcakes: A Memoir. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998. Fathering Daughters: Reflections by Men. Edited with DeWitt Henry. Boston: Beacon Press, 1998. A Region Not Home: Reflections on Exile. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000. SELECTED UNCOLLECTED NONFICTION “All Mighty Blackstone and What Does It Mean?, Part 1.” Atlantic 223:5 (1969). “Part 2.” Atlantic 223:6 (1969). “The Black Law Student.” Atlantic 225:4 (1970). “Indivisible Man.” Atlantic 226:6 (1970). Masterful essay on Ralph Ellison. “In My Father’s House There Are Many Mansions and I’m Going to Get Me Some of Them, Too.” Atlantic 229:4 (1972). “View from the Chinaberry Tree.” Atlantic 234:6 (1974). Commentary on works by Albert Murray. “To Blacks and Jews: Hab Rachmones.” Tikkun 4:5 (1989). Review of Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro. Ploughshares 16:4 (1990/91). “Ivy Day in the Empty Room.” Iowa Review 23:3 (1993). “Listening to the Lower Frequencies.” World Literature Today 68:3 (1994). A meditation on the life and career of Ralph Ellison. “A Useful Demonstration of the Etiquette Necessary for Survival on the Secondary Roads Trailing off the Interstates during Times of Lapses in Essential Areas of Civil Responsibility, Late Summer 1983.” Doubletake 1:2 (1995). “Letters on a Japanese Handscroll.” Doubletake 3:4 (1997). “Umbilicus.” Doubletake...