Subjective Well-Being and the Importance of Nature in Greenland

Existing research on the antecedents of subjective well-being (SWB), which comprises life satisfaction and happiness, remains inconclusive. Some studies suggest that increasing income enhances SWB, while others emphasize the role of income comparison within reference groups in influencing SWB. The role of subjective financial well-being in enhancing subjective well-being is also inconclusive. On the one hand, financial well-being may contribute to increasing SWB; on the other, subjective financial well-being is a characteristic compared to reference groups, and this comparison is what influences SWB. This study, therefore, sets out to answer the question: How does social comparison and subjective financial well-being influence SWB? We predict that social comparison influences SWB (life satisfaction and happiness) through the mediation of subjective financial well-being. Data from 3,591 respondents (1,750 females, 1,841 males, aged 21 - 60 years; M = 30.81, SD = 7.51) in the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS 5) were analyzed using path analysis. The measures in this study include financial well-being, life satisfaction, happiness, and social comparison taken from IFLS-5 Book III A. The research findings indicate that social comparison does not directly influence life satisfaction and happiness. However, the influence of social comparison on both is mediated by subjective financial well-being. The practical implications of this research suggest that individuals who are happy and satisfied with their lives need to have at least one satisfying life domain, such as financial well-being, and focus on subjective self-evaluation rather than constantly comparing themselves with reference groups.

The paper uses qualitative and quantitative data collected by the Wellbeing in Developing Countries ESRC research group in Bangladesh and Thailand to explore the extent to which objective need deprivation predicts subjective and psychological wellbeing, controlling for location, socio-economic status, and gender. The regression analysis is triangulated with qualitative analysis of three illustrative case studies to explore why people experiencing great need deprivation nevertheless report high subjective and psychological wellbeing and propose factors that might support their resilience. The paper reports perhaps unsurprisingly that need deprivation was lower in Thailand than Bangladesh, and subjective and psychological wellbeing higher, with the exception of life satisfaction which was higher in Bangladesh. While goal attainment was significantly associated with affect and life satisfaction in both countries, in Thailand life satisfaction and goal attainment were negatively correlated (−.334), so the more goals respondents felt they had attained, the less satisfied they were. These apparent anomalies are explored further using data from the case studies. The findings confirm that although measures of subjective and psychological wellbeing are correlated, they are not substitutable. For example, subjective wellbeing, especially positive affect, is more influenced by need deprivation than psychological wellbeing, while psychological wellbeing is more influenced by demographic factors, especially in Thailand. Finally, the paper discusses whether the distinct relationships of subjective and psychological wellbeing with need deprivation and income have any implications for policymakers.

The article presents an analysis of the influence of the sociomoral orientation of the individual on subjective wellbeing. The relationship of subjective wellbeing and sociomoral norms is considered in the context of the material and financial position of a person. Subjective economic wellbeing is at the same time an element of general subjective wellbeing and an independent factor that determines the general wellbeing of a person and the degree of satisfaction with life. In our study, we attempted to establish the relationship between subjective economic wellbeing, as one aspect of psychological wellbeing, and personal social responsibility, as an indicator of the social orientation of the individual. It was shown that different types of social responsibility are in different ways consistent with manifestations of subjective economic wellbeing. Men and women feel differently subjective economic wellbeing due to the severity of this or that type of social responsibility. Internal social responsibility is most conducive to the severity of womens subjective economic wellbeing. Subjective satisfaction is highly dependent on external factors and the assessment of other people in men with pronounced external social responsibility. Women with pragmatic responsibility tend to suppress negative emotions and experiences related to financial wellbeing. Distant social responsibility contributes to a feeling of satisfaction with the current situation without hope of further growth, regardless of gender. В статье представлен анализ влияния социальнонравственной ориентации личности на субъективное благополучие. Взаимосвязь субъективного благополучия и социальнонравственных норм рассматривается в контексте материального и финансового положения человека. Субъективное экономическое благополучие является одновременно элементом общего субъективного благополучия и независимым фактором, который определяет общее благополучие человека и степень удовлетворенности жизнью. В нашем исследовании мы предприняли попытку установить взаимосвязь между субъективным экономическим благополучием, как одним из аспектов психологического благополучия, и личной социальной ответственностью, как показателем социальной направленности личности. Было показано, что различные типы социальной ответственности поразному согласуются с проявлениями субъективного экономического благополучия. Мужчины и женщины поразному ощущают субъективное экономическое благополучие в связи с выраженностью того или иного типа социальной ответственности. Интернальная социальная ответственность в наибольшей степени способствует выраженности субъективного экономического благополучия у женщин. Субъективная удовлетворенность сильно зависит от внешних факторов и оценки других людей у мужчин с выраженной экстернальной социальной ответственностью. Женщины с преобладающей прагматической ответственностью, имеют склонность к вытеснению негативных эмоций и переживаний связанных и с вопросами финансового благополучия. Дистантная социальная ответственность способствует ощущению удовлетворенности имеющимся положением без надежды на дальнейший рост, независимо от пола.

Several studies have been conducted on the topic of well-being. Most of them, however, have been done in industrialized countries where income is distributed relatively more equitatively and the population tends to be more homogeneous. This paper studies the relationship between subjective and economic well-being in Mexico, a country where the economic differences among the population are more clearly marked. According to the economic definition of well-being, higher levels of income are associated with higher levels of well-being through greater levels of material consumption. Taking into consideration this definition, it is worth asking just how important income is for an individual's happiness?Existing studies in psychology have found a positive correlation between economic well-being (socioeconomic status) and subjective well-being (happiness). However, this positive relationship is weak and a large percentage of human happiness remains unexplained. Although the mentioned studies make a good approximation of the existing relationship between income and happiness, the characteristics or specification of the function that generates the relationship between these two variables is often assumed to be linear and positive. The main objective of this paper is to investigate further the relationship between subjective and economic well-being. In this study different specifications and approaches are used to approximate the relationship between these variables. An empirical analysis is made from the results of a survey conducted in two Mexican cities. The investigation studies the impact of demographic, social, and economic variables on subjective well-being in Mexico. Several hypotheses are tested to identify the relationship between household income and individual well-being. It is found that income does not have a strong influence on neither well-being nor on the probability of happiness. However, people tend to overstress the impact that additional income would have on their subjective well-being. This fact could explain the importance that people place on increasing their income level, and it could possibly explain the relative sense of dissatisfaction once a higher income level is achieved. The relationship between income and the sense of basic need satisfaction is also explored. A main assumption in economic theory suggests the existence of a direct relationship between these variables; however, empirical results show this relationship to be extremely weak. Results indicate that subjective well-being is positively related to the sense of basic need satisfaction but not to income.

(1) Background: In this study, sport and subjective psychological well-being is investigated in three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) Methods: We have conducted three different representative sample surveys (n = 3600 altogether) on the Hungarian adult population and investigated the sample's subjective psychological well-being with the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, as well as changes in their subjective well-being through the different waves of the pandemic. Sporting habits and socio-economic variables were also surveyed, and OLS regression models were created focused on the WHO-5 measures. (3) Results: The subjective psychological well-being of the Hungarian adult population decreased significantly, but in the second and third wave of pandemic restrictions, an increase in subjective psychological well-being has been measured. The relationships between the time spent on doing sports and subjective psychological well-being were significant in each pandemic waves. The highest subjective psychological well-being and its highest increase were reported by those who could increase their time spent on doing sports as well. (4) Conclusions: The relationships between the sports activities, physical health, size of settlement, changes in income and subjective psychological well-being of the Hungarian adult population were significant in all three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The demanding tasks of caregiving can lead to stress for caregivers, harming their physical, psychological, and social well-being. We investigated the association between informal caregiving and caregivers’ subjective, affective, and financial well-being in Australia. We have employed the ‘Theory of Caregiver Stress’ to understand caregiver burden from a theoretical lens. We used data from fifteen waves (waves 6 through 20) of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. We constructed an unbalanced panel consisting of 192,104 person-year observations from 26,666 unique individuals. We fitted both fixed-effects ordered logistic regression model (subjective and financial well-being) and fixed-effects GLS regression model (affective well-being) to estimate the association between informal caregiving and caregivers’ well-being according to the type of dependent variable. Moderate (− 0.09 points) and intensive caregiving (− 0.39 points) were significantly associated with a reduction in caregivers’ subjective well-being. Moderate (− 0.77 points) and intensive caregiving (− 2.09 points) were associated with reduced affective well-being. Light (− 0.07 points), moderate (− 0.11 points), and intensive caregiving (− 0.14 points) were also negatively associated with financial well-being. Our analysis provided evidence that adverse and positive life events (contextual stimuli) have a significant association with caregivers’ well-being. A higher caregiver burden (focal stimuli) was associated with lower subjective, affective, and financial well-being for informal caregivers in Australia. These findings highlight the association between significant caregiving burden and adverse well-being outcomes for caregivers. This underscores the need for increased government support for caregivers facing a heavy carer load to potentially reduce the negative association between caring and carer well-being.

Subjective positive well-being

Most studies investigating the emerging adults’ (objective and subjective) financial well-being specifically focused on the main predictors of this construct, whereas only few studies tested the financial well-being as antecedent of possible outcomes during emerging adulthood. The current paper aims (1) to test the impact that the emerging adults’ subjective financial well-being (i.e., subjective perception of the own financial condition) has on their subjective and psychological well-being and (2) to verify if this relation is moderated by emerging adults’ individual differences respect to the way in which they can tolerate uncertainty and ambiguity. On a sample of 452 Italian and Portuguese participants (20–27 years old) a cluster analysis was performed in order to identify groups of emerging adults with similar patterns of uncertainty and ambiguity tolerance. We identified four groups: anxiety about ambiguity and uncertainty, comfort with ambiguity and uncertainty, black-and-white thinking, flexible thinking. Then, a multi-group path analysis was carried out in order to test if the relationships between the subjective financial well-being and the subjective and psychological well-being were invariant across groups. We found that the subjective financial well-being has a positive and invariant impact on the subjective well-being, whereas it has a positive but non-invariant impact on the psychological well-being. Implications of the results are discussed.

Subjective health is understood as a multidimensional construct that encompasses the physical, mental and social dimensions of a person’s well-being. Promoting the subjective health and well-being of children and adolescents has strong public health relevance because health impairments in childhood and adolescence are often associated with long-term health problems in adulthood. Therefore, it is very important to gain information about potential risk and resource factors involved. This article presents current prevalences for subjective health, life satisfaction and psychosomatic health complaints among children and adolescents in Germany aged 11, 13 and 15 years from the 2017/18 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study (N=4,347, 53.0% girls). It also examines the sociodemographic and psychosocial factors that influence subjective well-being. Most children and adolescents provided positive ratings of their health and life satisfaction. Nevertheless, about one third of girls and one fifth of boys were affected by multiple psychosomatic health complaints. Impairments in subjective well-being were particularly evident in girls, older adolescents, young people with low levels of family affluence and those under a lot of pressure at school. In contrast, high family support was associated with better subjective well-being. These results illustrate the need for target group-specific prevention and health promotion measures aimed at improving the subjective health and well-being of children and adolescents.

The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship among subjective illness impact, subjective well-being, and psoriasis severity as assessed by dermatologists. Furthermore, subjective well-being of psoriasis patients was compared to available norm data. Fifty-nine psoriasis patients participated in this study. The following measures were administered: (a) the Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure - Revised (PRISM-R), yielding Self-Illness Separation (SIS), and Illness Perception Measure (IPM); (b) subjective health status; (c) life satisfaction, and (d) psychological well-being. In addition, the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) was determined by dermatologists. Psoriasis patients scored significantly below the norm data on subjective health status and psychological well-being. No differences were found concerning life satisfaction. PASI failed to correlate significantly with any of the disease impact and subjective health measures. Neither did SIS correlate significantly with any of the subjective health measures, whereas IPM was negatively associated with subjective health status, life satisfaction, and psychologic well-being. In a regression analysis with PASI as the dependent measures, none of the subjective health measures showed up as a relevant predictor. In comparison with the norm data, psoriasis patients report less subjective health status and well-being whereas their life satisfaction is not affected. There is no clear association among illness impact, subjective well-being, and illness severity as assessed by dermatologists.

Cross-cultural studies on the relationship between subjective and psychological well-being in children are still very limited. Consequently, proposing a model that considers the interaction of these constructs and examining its applicability in several countries would enhance the understanding of these phenomena in childhood. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify the latent relationship between subjective and psychological well-being, and to measure invariance in a sample of 12-year-old children from 30 countries. Through a quantitative methodology with a correlational design, we analyze data from 44,358 children who participated in the third wave of the International Survey of Children’s Well-Being (ISCWeB), using Structural Equations Modeling (SEM). Results suggest that levels of subjective and psychological well-being are moderate and high, respectively, and point to significant differences in well-being indicators by country. In addition, subjective well-being is related to psychological well-being through a general adjustment model with oblique factors. Finally, the model of latent relationships presents metric invariance across nationalities.

Predictors of subjective physical health and global well-being were compared in a representative U.S. (N = 2,400) and a German (N = 1,607) sample of adults (age range: 25-65 years). Because of cultural overlap between Western industrialized nations, similarities in predictive patterns were expected. Differences in the economic and social systems as well as the cultural background, however, should also generate differences. As expected, the overall predictive power of the three sets of predictors (sociostructural variables, personality traits, and self-regulatory characteristics) was sizable in both countries. The strongest unique predictors were self-regulatory indicators for subjective physical health and personality traits for global well-being. In addition, however, theory-consistent country differences emerged in how personal and social resources seem to be orchestrated to maximize well-being. The pursuits of health and happiness or subjective well-being are central to human existence. Not surprisingly, therefore, subjective well-being and subjective physical health are popular topics of psychological research. Questions concerning the personal characteristics and contextual factors that predict global and domainspecific subjective well-being are central in that line of research. In the context of bottom-up and top-down models of subjective well-being, three main sources are discussed: sociostructural characteristics, personality traits, and self-regulatory indicators (e.g., Brief, Butcher, George, & Link, 1993; Costa et al, 1987; Diener, 1994; Ryff, 1989; Smith, Fleeson, Geiselmann, Settersten, & Kunzmann, 1999; Staudinger & Fleeson 1996; Veenhoven, 1991). Further, lifespan theory argues that sociostructural characteristics as well as psychological characteristics might take on different functions and, therefore, show different effects depending on the larger cultural context in which they are embedded (e.g., P. B.

Background: Employees’ well-being at work after the return to work (RTW) is considered a key aspect of rehabilitation and maintenance of workability. This systematic review aimed at identifying the common psychosocial factors that predict the subjective and psychological well-being in RTW processes after having a long-standing health problem or disability. Objective: To evaluate the subjective and psychological well-being at work of employees with chronic or long-standing health problems or those returning to work after any cause of disability. Data source: Systematic review of articles published in English or Spanish using PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, MEDLINE, Psychology, and Behavioral Sciences Collection, and Pubpsych. An additional study was identified by contacting expert academics in the field. The search equations used included terms such as Return to Work, Long-Standing Health Problems or Disability, Work Health Balance, and job satisfaction or subjective well-being. Eligibility criteria for the studies: Studies that included a measure of employees’ well-being at work following return to work were selected for the review. Evaluation of the studies and synthesis methods: The studies were selected using predefined fields which included quality criteria. Results: Of the 264 articles returned by the initial search, a total of 20 were finally selected. Results were organized around the three different theoretical approaches for understanding RTW and its antecedents and consequences: (a) RTW and autonomy at work have a positive effect on psychological well-being; (b) job demand is linked to less job satisfaction, whereas a higher level on the work–health balance is associated with job satisfaction and work engagement; (c) internal and external support is linked to job satisfaction in the case of a disease. Limitations: The evidence provided by the results is restricted by the limited availability of studies focusing on well-being at work following return to work. Moreover, the studies identified are of different kinds, thereby preventing comparisons. Conclusions and implications of the main findings: Employees’ subjective well-being after return to work has received very little attention to date. Given its importance in the current configuration of the labor market, it should be the object of more research.

<p><strong>Context and Relevance.</strong> This article considers one possible correlate of well-being, the cognitive illusion of age. A number of studies have shown the correlation of cognitive illusions of age with either subjective well-being or psychological well-being, studying it in samples with significant age variation. <strong>Objective.</strong> To identify the correlation of the cognitive illusion of age with both subjective and psychological well-being of individuals in adolescence and to establish the variables mediating this correlation. <strong>Hypotheses. </strong>Indicators of subjective and psychological well-being are hypothesized to be significantly higher in adolescents with a negative cognitive illusion of age compared to those with a positive cognitive illusion. Sex and employment are hypothesized to mediate the relationship between the cognitive illusion of age and both subjective and psychological well-being. <strong>Methods and Materials. </strong>The sample consisted of 96 students (M = 19,27, SD = 0,814, where 48% were young men) aged between 18 and 21 years. The following methods were used: “Age-of-me” (B. Barak); “Life Satisfaction Scale” (E. Diener); “Positive and Negative Affect Schedule” (D. Watson, L. Clark, A. Tellegen); “Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-being”. <strong>Results.</strong> The study found that subjective age overestimation (negative cognitive illusion of age), as opposed to positive cognitive illusion, is correlated with higher indicators of psychological and subjective well-being of a person in adolescence. The hypothesis that sex and employment mediate the correlation between the cognitive illusion of age and well-being was tested. It was found that regardless of sex and work experience, negative cognitive illusion was directly related to higher measures of well-being in young adulthood. <strong>Conclusions. </strong>The results suggest that the negative cognitive illusion of age may contribute to higher levels of both psychological and subjective well-being in adolescence.</p>

The Role of School Context on Subjective Well-Being and Social Well-Being in Adolescence