Abstract
Shogi is a popular board game in Japan, and shogi-assisted cognitive–behavioral therapy (S-CBT) has been applied in Kakogawa City, a Japanese municipality. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of S-CBT on the subjective well-being of elderly men. Participants were 61 elderly men with amateur skill at shogi. They were randomly assigned to either the S-CBT group or a wait list group (control). The S-CBT group participated in a weekly, six-session S-CBT program. The intervention outcomes were scores on the K6, Lubben Social Network Scale, and a five-item cognitive–behavioral functioning scale. The Subjective Well-being Scale was used to assess happiness and satisfaction with life, and all the participants were classified into high- and low-happiness groups using the median score as the cutoff. The results showed that scores on “self-reinforcement” were significantly (P < 0.05) increased for those receiving S-CBT compared with controls, regardless of the participants’ happiness scores. In contrast, the scores on “problem solving skills for alleviating stress” were significantly (P < 0.05) increased for those receiving S-CBT compared with controls only among those in the low-happiness group. These results remained significant after controlling for the effects of age and baseline scores on the K6, Social Network Scale, and “problem solving skills for alleviating stress” category. The S-CBT may be especially beneficial when focused on practical advice for the stress management of older people with low subjective well-being. (trial registration: 000036003 [UMIN, Japan]).Trial Registration: Trial registration number: 000036003 [UMIN, Japan].
Highlights
Shogi is a traditional Japanese board game that is played on a 9 × 9-square board, unlike the 8 × 8-square board used in chess [1]
When S-Cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) is provided in the context of an enjoyable activity that connects CBT to actual situations that arise in playing shogi, participants may experience less resistance to the psychological intervention and may increase their positive thoughts [7,8,9,10]
Significant effects were found for both subjective well-being (SWB) (F value = 5.77, P = 0.018) and time (F value = 13.2, P < 0.001) in the “behavioral inhibition when depressed” model, and for both SWB (F value = 5.82, P = 0.018) and time (F value = 17.7, P < 0.001) in the “problem solving skill against stress” model
Summary
Shogi is a traditional Japanese board game that is played on a 9 × 9-square board, unlike the 8 × 8-square board used in chess [1]. Players must make quick and strategic decisions in choosing to attack or defend at any given board position. When S-CBT is provided in the context of an enjoyable activity that connects CBT to actual situations that arise in playing shogi, participants may experience less resistance to the psychological intervention and may increase their positive thoughts [7,8,9,10]
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