Abstract
Tetrabasic lead sulfate (4BS) was used as a positive active material additive for lead-acid batteries, which affirmatively affected the performance of the battery. Herein, tetrabasic lead sulfate was synthesized from scrap lead paste that was formed through the production process of the lead-acid batteries. This solves the disposing problem of the scrap lead paste that is challenging in the production of the lead-acid batteries. Scrap lead paste was first pre-treated and the 4BS with high purity and crystalline was synthesized by sintering at the temperature of 450°C and hold time of 7 h. As demonstrated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy test and Material Studio software calculation, the purity of synthesized 4BS is higher than 98 wt%, small particles have pillar forms and are evenly distributed. Moreover, the synthesized 4BS of 1 wt% was added to the positive lead paste and then valve-regulated lead-acid battery was made after the pasting, curing and formation processes. The effectiveness of the lead-acid batteries after adding 4BS as crystal seeds was evaluated, and the 100% charge–discharge cycle life of the new battery (523 times) was about 1.4 times higher than that of general lead-acid batteries (365 times).
Highlights
Lead-acid batteries are widely used in various applications because of their advantages like high efficiency, low cost, security and stable performances [1]
The results showed that the content of 4BS is achieved ca 98.6%, and this means that the purity of the synthesized 4BS is very high
It demonstrated that 4BS can be effectively synthesized from scrap lead paste by the used method which is applicable to positive active material additive for improving the electrochemical performance and the cycle life of lead-acid batteries
Summary
Lead-acid batteries are widely used in various applications because of their advantages like high efficiency, low cost, security and stable performances [1]. Many researchers found that tetrabasic lead sulfate can be a type of ideal positive active material additive to promote the generation of 4BS in the lead paste during the curing process [11,12,13] Adding it can prevent lead-acid batteries from the early capacity loss due to the effect of loss of active materials and result in the significant increase in cycle life. The more 4BS is produced on the positive plate after curing and the obtained 4BS particles are coarser if curing time is longer and the temperature is higher Such 4BS is useful to increase the cycle life of lead-acid batteries. The initial capacity of the battery became to decrease and the formation of the plate became to be difficult, and the combined operation of batteries had a problem because of coarser 4BS
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