Abstract
The main aim of the research was to develop a complementary analytical approach consisting of bespoke speciation analysis and non-targeted speciation analysis of As, Sb, and Cr in flavored bottled drinking water samples using HPLC/ICP-DRC-MS and ESI-MS/MS. The scope of two previously developed analytical procedures, (1) multielemental speciation procedure for AsIII, AsV, CrVI, SbIII, and SbV analysis and (2) arsenic speciation procedure for AsB, AsIII, DMA, MMA, and AsV quantification, was extended to the analysis of a new sample type in terms of bespoke speciation analysis. As for the non-targeted speciation, analysis size exclusion chromatography was used with ICP-MS and a complementary technique, ESI-MS/MS, was used for the organic species of As, Sb, and Cr screening. Full validation of procedures 1 and 2 was conducted. Procedure 1 and 2 were characterized with precision values in the range from 2.5% to 5.5% and from 3.6% to 7.2%, respectively. Obtained recoveries ranged from 97% to 106% and from 99% to 106% for procedures 1 and 2, respectively. Expanded uncertainties calculated for procedures 1 and 2 ranged from 6.1% to 9.4% and from 7.4% to 9.9%, respectively. The applicability of the proposed procedures was tested on bottled drinking water samples. Results for the real samples in procedure 1 were in the range from 0.286 ± 0.027 [μg L−1] to 0.414 ± 0.039 [μg L−1] for AsIII, from 0.900 ± 0.083 [μg L−1] to 3.26 ± 0.30 [μg L−1] for AsV, and from 0.201 ± 0.012 [μg L−1] to 0.524 ± 0.032 [μg L−1] for SbV. CrVI and SbIII were not detected in any sample. As for procedure 2, results were in the range from 0.0541 ± 0.0053 [μg L−1] to 0.554 ± 0.054 [μg L−1] for AsB. Results for AsIII and AsV obtained with procedure 2 were in good accordance with results obtained with procedure 1. DMA and MMA were not detected in any sample.
Highlights
Water is among the most basic elements of the human diet and it is essential for sustaining life and good health
It is well known that polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles that are the most commonly used packing material for drinking water can release a notable amount of antimony into drinking water
The main goal of the present paper was the study on the speciation of As, Cr, and Sb in bottled flavored drinking water samples by two advanced hyphenated techniques of ion exchange chromatography (IEC), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) HPLC/ICP-dynamic reaction cell (DRC)-MS, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)/MS
Summary
Water is among the most basic elements of the human diet and it is essential for sustaining life and good health. It was reported that storage conditions, such as temperature or sunlight exposure and time of storage, can affect the amount of Sb leaching from PET bottles [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15] Water additives, such as citric acid, or the concentration of total salts in water can affect the amount of Sb leaching, and the chemical forms of Sb present in water, which may form, for example, stable SbIII and SbV complexes with citric acid [16,17,18,19]. El-Hadri et al confirmed the presence of As in soft drinks, such as apple juice or cola [24] It is the material of a bottle that can have an impact on the drinking water quality, and the additives responsible for its color. Drinking water stored in green bottles may contain higher amounts of chromium in comparison with the same water stored in transparent bottles [4,7]
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