Abstract
In general, the stiffness of flexible pavement is influenced by environmental changes, whereby temperature and rainfall affect the asphalt layer and non-asphalt layer, such as the subgrade, respectively. Normally, the effect of temperature on flexible pavement can be measured using two methods. The first is a destructive test whereby core samples are tested in a laboratory using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The second is a non- destructive in situ test using equipment such as a Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) and Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW). This study was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature at different tensile levels on the Soekarno-Hatta and Purwakarta Cikampek roads in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. It is observed that different tensile levels and testing methods result in various elastic modulus values of flexible pavement. The higher the temperature applied to the flexible pavement layer, the more the elastic modulus values decrease. In contrast, the lower the temperature imposed on the flexible pavement layer, the more the elastic modulus values increase. Different testing methods (FWD, UTM and SASW) on the flexible pavement layer are also affected by temperature changes.
Highlights
A flexible pavement system consists of an asphalt concrete layer, a base layer and a sub-base layer placed on the subgrade
The effect of temperature on the elastic modulus: An empirical equation to describe the relationship between temperature and the elastic modulus of the asphalt has been developed by AASHTO (1993)
Equation (9) can be rewritten in the logarithmic form to represent the elastic modulus of the asphalt layer at a temperature t and by replacing Y = Elastic modulus (Et): Et 14.995 7895 .56 log t
Summary
A flexible pavement system consists of an asphalt concrete layer, a base layer and a sub-base layer placed on the subgrade. Changes in temperature will affect the modulus of the asphalt concrete layer, while changes in rainfall will affect the modulus of a non-asphalt layer such as the subgrade. Environmental factors such as the temperature influence the behavior of flexible pavement layers that use bitumen as a binder (Ullidtz, 1987; Ehrola et al, 1990; AASHTO, 1993). Different testing methods were used; namely, a Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD), Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) and a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The FWD and SASW tests represent non-destructive tests and the UTM test is a destructive test
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