Studi Eksperimental Sifat Mekanis Bata Ringan CLC Dengan Penambahan Fly Ash

Cellular Light Weight Concrete (CLWC) is relatively a new material having cementitious properties, incorporated with mechanically entrained foam in the cement based slurry or mortar which can manufacture in a varying densities ranging from 300 kg/m3 to 1850 kg/m3. With the increase in future requirement of the construction material, the CLWC is presently believed to have a promising future. CLWC is a versatile material, which is generally used in non-load bearing structural elements, having lower strength than conventional concrete. It is quite renowned for some application for the reason that it’s self-weight (which is light in weight) such as reduction of dead load of the structure, thermal insulating materials, acoustic insulating materials and non-structural partitions walls. Since it has low strength, some material is used in order to increase the strength of the CLWC. The applications of CLWC are very limited due least knowledge about its properties and stability.CLWC, fairly a new material as compare to conventional concrete, has become more popular material in construction industry. Fly ash and Silica fume are getting more attention nowadays since their uses usually improve the properties of mixed cement concrete, economical and reduction of harmful environmental effects. The properties of CLWC vary according to a different type of mixture and its composition.This study investigates the mechanical and physical properties of CLWC specifically dry density, water absorption and compressive strength. In this study, the cubes are casted for different target densities 800 to 1000 kg/m3, 1000 to 1200 kg/m3 and 1200 to 1400 kg/m3 by varying the fly ash content 50% to 80% at the interval of 5% and corresponding decrease in cement content 50% to 20%. The water content of all mixes are kept constant as 40% of weight of cement and fly ash combined. The foam consists of one part of foaming agent diluted with 35 parts of water. As the amount of foam affects the dry density of concrete, hence foam content is varied from 1% to 1.5% to get different target density. After getting the optimum content of fly ash, the cement content is further reduced by adding silica fume. Silica fume is incorporated in the mix 0% to 15% at the interval of 5% by the weight of cement and tested for same mechanical and physical properties.

Lightweight concrete blocks produced using expanded polystyrene and foaming agent

The research aims to address waste-related issues by producing Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) bricks using fly ash and bottom ash as fine aggregates. The variations used encompass cement, fly ash, bottom ash, and sand compositions. The ratio between cement and fine aggregates utilized is 1:3. The variations in the composition of fine aggregates include P (100% sand), F (100% fly ash), B (100% bottom ash), F1B1 (50% fly ash and 50% bottom ash), F1B2 (33.3% fly ash and 66.7% bottom ash), F1B3 (25% fly ash and 75% bottom ash), F2B1 (6.7% fly ash and 33.3% bottom ash), and F3B1 (25% fly ash and 75% bottom ash). The parameters employed comprise compressive strength testing, density, and water absorption evaluation of the CLC bricks at ages 14, 28, and 35 days, also thermal conductivity at the 35-days sample. The sample age exhibits a proportional relationship with compressive strength and water absorption, while displaying an inverse relationship with density. At the 35-day sample age, the F composition demonstrates the highest compressive strength (14.74MPa) and the lowest water absorption (11%). Meanwhile, the B composition exhibits a compressive strength value of 5.9MPa and the lowest density (1.12g/cm2). Conversely, the P composition showcases the highest density (1.59g/cm2). Density affects thermal conductivity, the lower the density, the lower the thermal conductivity, which means that the heat conductivity will be smaller.

Most of the construction buildings that are often found use concrete as the main building material. The development of technology makes more and more new types of modified concrete, one of which is lightweight concrete. Lightweight concrete that is often found is lightweight concrete CLC (Cellular Lightweight Concrete). The construction of non-structural elements of the building applies CLC lightweight concrete at a lower cost than standard concrete due to faster work, more temperature resistance, ease of handling, and lighter density. This study aims to find the optimum percentage and effect of using aluminum slag and fly ash as a partial replacement of cement in cellular lightweight concrete. The test object is printed in a molding size of 5x5x5 cm3. The use of aluminum slag is 0%, 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, 6%, and 7.5%, while the use of fly ash is 15% of the cement weight. The tests carried out included volume weight, compressive strength, and water absorption at the age of 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results of this study, it can be concluded that increasing the variation of aluminum slag with fly ash content remains at 15% in each variation as a cement substitution, the most significant variation is 1.5%. The optimum compressive strength test results at a variation of 1.5% of 4.1 MPa with the highest specific gravity of 752 gr/cm3, and water absorption of 66.67%, it all specimens at the age of 28 days.

Dow proactively replaces mercury PU catalysts

Strengthening mechanism of lightweight cellular concrete filled with fly ash

Cellular lightweight concrete (CLC) with the controlled density of approximately 800 kg/m3 was made from a preformed foam, Type-I Portland cement (OPC), fly ash (FA), or natural zeolite (NZ), and its compressive strength, setting time, water absorption, and microstructure of were tested. High-calcium FA and NZ with the median particle sizes of 14.52 and 7.72 μm, respectively, were used to partially replace OPC at 0, 10wt%, 20wt%, and 30wt% of the binder (OPC and pozzolan admixture). A water-to-binder mass ratio (W/B) of 0.5 was used for all mixes. The testing results indicated that CLC containing 10wt% NZ had the highest compressive strength. The replacement of OPC with NZ decreased the total porosity and air void size but increased the capillary porosity of the CLC. The incorporation of a suitable amount of NZ decreased the setting time, total porosity, and pore size of the paste compared with the findings with the same amount of FA. The total porosity and cumulative pore volume decreased, whereas the gel and capillary pores increased as a result of adding both pozzolans at all replacement levels. The water absorption increased as the capillary porosity increased; this effect depended on the volume of air entrained and the type or amount of pozzolan.

Development of new material for geopolymer lightweight cellular concrete and its cementing mechanism

Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) is a concrete brick with a density lighter than concrete bricks. The efficiency of the use and quality of CLC can be determined by analysing mechanical behaviour using the finite element method. The purpose of this study is to analyse the mechanical behaviour of lightweight concrete using the finite element method. Analysis of mechanical behaviour using LUSAS finite element software. The CLC model used admixture materials of silica foam, palm oil fly ash (POFA) and lime (CaCO3). The study resulted in the difference between the numeric and experimental analysis being less than 10%. The most considerable deformation occurred at the top of the CLC model based on the deformation contour distribution. The most significant stress and strain contours distribution occurred at the CLC model’s bottom. The controlled load of 6 kN to 60 kN causes an increase in the mechanical behaviour of CLC. The most considerable deformation occurred when the maximum load on the CLC model with a silica fume mixture was 9.239 mm. The stress of the CLC model is 1.148 N/mm2, and the most significant strain occurred in CLC with silica fume admixture with a CLC weight of 0.038. Thus, the finite element method can be used as a comparison of laboratory test results to determine the mechanical behaviour of CLC.

Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) with the addition of Few Layers Graphene (FLG) has been fabricated and characterized for canal blocks application. The CLC-FLG composite was made by mixing fine agregate (sand), cement, fly ash, water, and FLG. The compressive strength properties of the composite was tested using a digital compressive strength test to determine the effects of FLG addition, sand size gradations, and environmental acidity on the compressive strength of the composite. Meanwhile, the composite morphology was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The increase in FLG content and concentrations increased the compressive strength. The highest compressive strength was shown by the composite with the highest FLG addition (15%) and without sand size gradation, namely 5.19 Mpa or there was an increase of 15.6% compared to CLC without the addition of FLG. The level of water acidity relatively did not affected the compressive strength of CLC-FLG composite. Morphological analysis showed that the addition of FLG resulted in a denser structure and reduced porosity of CLC. The CLC-FLG composite can be used as canal blocks materials for peatland restoration.

Pullout resistance of geogrid and steel reinforcement embedded in lightweight cellular concrete backfill

Generally, making the building load lighter is to use lightweight concrete on wall components. Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) is lighter than red-bricks because CLC contains pores. Changes in temperature due to building fires impact the characteristics and performance of CLC, especially in density, compressive strength, and visual shape of CLC. The research aims to analyze the performance of CLC; compressive strength and appearance of CLC surfaces after exposure to high temperatures. CLC sample is the block with size 60 cm length, 10 cm width, and 20 cm height. Variation of temperature exposure time is 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes and 40 minutes. CLC is placed close to traditional brick kilns with an average surface temperature of 370 degrees Celsius along 40 minutes of combustion. The CLC block compressive strength value due to exposure to high temperatures for 40 minutes is 0.3 MPa. The compressive strength of CLC after exposure to high temperatures decreases by 42.3% compared to CLC at room temperature. Whereas, the visual form on the surface of CLC gives rise to a blackish grey colour resulting from exposure to high temperatures. This study indicated that the dry and cracked surface texture on CLC has caused a decrease in the performance includes density and compressive strength of CLC. Therefore, CLC needs to maintain after being exposed to high temperatures by providing an additional layer on the CLC surface

Oil Palm Fiber (OPF) and Biochar (BC) are the wastes from Agro-Industry in Thailand. Every year, a large amount of OPF and BC are disposed to a landfill site. The proper method to manage these wastes remains unclear. Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) is one of the most significant types of concrete used for construction purposes due to its various advantages. Thus, the propose of this study is to find a better process to recycle the waste properly by using OPF and BC in CLC. In this study, the CLC specimens with OPF and BC were prepared. The specimens are divided into four groups. The first group is the normal CLC with water to cement ratio (W/C) 50 %. The second is CLC combined with OPF 2, 4 and 6 %. The third is the CLC mixed with BC 5, 10 and 15 %. The fourth is CLC combined with 1.5 % OPF and 10 % BC by weight of sand. The specimen’s compressive strength, dry density, water absorption, and heat transfer properties were evaluated. The experimental results showed that adding OPF and BC in the proportions, the specimens tended to have higher dry density and compressive strength due to the less air content and filler effect in CLC. Besides, OPF and BC specimens have less water absorption. For the heat transfer properties, CLC with OPF and BC has a better quality of thermal insulation. The studies showed that OPF and BC could be utilized in improving the properties of the normal CLC if added with a proper amount.

Di Indonesia penggunaan limbah fly ash masih kurang optimum. Fly ash dapat digunakan sebagai fillerkarena ukuran partikel yang sangat lembut sehingga dapat sebagai pengisi rongga antar agregat. Salah satucara dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut yaitu dengan menggunakan kembali limbah fly ash pada pembuatanbata ringan Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC).Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, diadakan penelitian yang menggunakan limbah fly ash sebagai bahan tambahpada campuran bata ringan dengan variasi sebesar 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% dan variasi 0% sebagai kofisienpembanding terhadap berat semen. Pengujian yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah pengujian kuattekan dengan dimensi benda uji 5 cm x 5 cm x 5 cm; pengujian kuat tarik belah dengan dimensi benda ujiberdiameter 10 cm dan tinggi 20 cm; dan pengujian kuat tarik belah dengan dimensi benda uji 40 cm x 40cm x 5 cm pada waktu 28 hari.Hasil dari pengujian pada penelitian ini yaitu kuat tekan tertinggi berada pada variasi 15% dengan nilairata-rata 8,73 MPa; nilai kuat tarik belah tertinggi berada pada variasi 15% dengan nilai rata-rata 0,53 MPadan untuk nilai permeabilitas tertinggi berada pada variasi 0% dengan nilai 0,164 mm/menit. Berdasarkanhasil tersebut, maka penambahan fly ash pada pembuatan benda uji sangat berpengaruh terhadap hasilpengujian kuat tekan, kuat tarik belah dan permeabilitas.

FABA (Fly Ash and Bottom Ash) is a residual waste from burning coal which is widely used by industry to produce heat energy, an example is the use of FABA in PLTU (Steam Power Plant). One of the oldest PLTUs in Indonesia, namely PLTU PJB UP Paiton, has been using coal for a long time, the utilization of FABA is still quite minimal due to problems from the government in using FABA due to its entry into Hazardous and Toxic Material (B3) waste, but in 2021 through Regulation Government Number 22 of 2021 concerning the implementation of environmental protection and management is established if FABA is no longer included in B3 waste. The process of making lightweight bricks is divided into 2, namely AAC (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete) and CLC (Cellular Lightweight Concrete). because the process is relatively simple and does not require expensive special tools. In this study CLC was chosen because it seeks to improve the quality of small industrial materials, so that the products produced meet the standards set by the government. One way to use FABA waste is to make CLC lightweight brick mixture, because FABA material is classified as having a lighter specific gravity compared to the main material for making CLC fine aggregate at this time, namely sand. In this research, the effect of mixing FABA materials will be examined by substituting sand and cement, to obtain a mixture that is in accordance with SNI 8640: 2018 concerning Specifications for Lightweight Bricks for Wall Pairs. The results of the research show that the substitution of cement with fly ash produces a smaller dry specific gravity and an increase in strength in mixtures B and C, then the substitution of fine sand aggregate with bottom ash results in a reduction in the CLC specific gravity value, and the compressive strength increases in mixture E, F, G, and H. The CLC lightweight brick mixture that meets the individual and average compressive strength according to SNI 8640:2018 is mixture G.