Abstract
Binder free self-supporting tin (Sn) foil with the promise of high theoretical capacity and outstanding volumetric capacity is an outstanding anode candidate for sodium-ion batteries. However, it suffers from an undesirable initial coulombic efficiency (ICE), indicating higher irreversible losses associated with particle isolation and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. In the present work, we have studied the electrochemical behavior (Cycling performance, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) and damage mechanisms of Sn foil in the context of thickness and temperature. Bulk Sn foil showed mechanical failure caused by pulverization and microscopic images revealed different types of fracture modes at different temperatures and different thicknesses of the foil. The crystallographic changes during sodiation/de-sodiation and ex-situ XRD patterns were analyzed to understand the phase transformation. The pristine Sn foil has a polished surface and post-mortem observations show random cracks formed on the Sn surface after cycling. In lower temperature, the thinner Sn foil cracked into pieces, where the thicker foil showed deformed Sn structures. Different types of physical, electrical, and/or electrochemical degradation of the electrode led to continuous cell capacity loss with cycling. This study focuses on understanding different types of electrode damage behavior on thick and thin Sn foil during the sodiation/de-sodiation process, and thus open new avenues for dense Sn foil-based anode to be used in full cell batteries.
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