Abstract
PbTi1−xFexO3−δ (x = 0, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7) ceramics were prepared using the classical solid-state reaction method. The investigated system presented properties that were derived from composition, microstructure, and oxygen deficiency. The phase investigations indicated that all of the samples were well crystallized, and the formation of a cubic structure with small traces of impurities was promoted, in addition to a tetragonal structure, as Fe3+ concentration increased. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images for PbTi1−xFexO3−δ ceramics revealed microstructures that were inhomogeneous with an intergranular porosity. The dielectric permittivity increased systematically with Fe3+ concentration, increasing up to x = 0.7. A complex impedance analysis revealed the presence of multiple semicircles in the spectra, demonstrating a local electrical inhomogeneity due the different microstructures and amounts of oxygen vacancies distributed within the sample. The increase of the substitution with Fe3+ ions onto Ti4+ sites led to the improvement of the magnetic properties due to the gradual increase in the interactions between Fe3+ ions, which were mediated by the presence of oxygen vacancies. The PbTi1−xFexO3−δ became a multifunctional system with reasonable dielectric, piezoelectric, and magnetic characteristics, making it suitable for application in magnetoelectric devices.
Highlights
Multiferroics are a special class of multifunctional materials that simultaneously exhibit ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties
The multifunctional character of multiferroic systems is caused by the interaction between electric polarization and spontaneous magnetization, which leads to the most important feature of these materials, which is called the “magnetoelectric (ME) effect”
The main objective of this work was to study the influence of magnetic Fe3+ ions on the functional properties of PbTi1−x Fex O3−δ ceramics that were prepared through solidstate reactions with amounts of Fe3+ in the range x = 0 ÷ 0.7
Summary
Multiferroics are a special class of multifunctional materials that simultaneously exhibit ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties. The coupling between the polarization and magnetization in multiferroics opens the possibility to manipulate the magnetic properties through an electric field and vice versa. Many researchers have reported that oxygen vacancies induce room-temperature ferromagnetism in non-magnetic systems [8,9]. The coexistence of ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism at room temperature in PTO-based systems has a great technological importance. In Fe-doped PTO nanocrystals, Ren et al [11] observed room-temperature FM properties with the typical value of Ms = 0.8 × 10−3 emu/g. Such a low value of Ms was believed to originate from the
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