Abstract
This article is a state of the art about Grandstands. The Grandstands are slender structures designed to accommodate a large number of people, which are specially under the actions of wind and the human-structure interaction. Over the years, it has been discuss of this topic, although still the number of publications still remain low. The human-structure interaction is a complex issue, where the loads may have different behaviours, depending many factors, including: type of audience (active or passive), public behaviour (jumping, walking, running, clapping, vandal loads), type of event (sports, concerts, meeting), position and posture of the individual, even influences the type of seat (with or without back, stiffness). However, the structure will behave differently when empty or fully occupied. Another load to consider is the wind, especially when the structure has a roof, screens, large-scale advertising, etc. These two types of loads can interact together, which implies an increase in the normal number of load combinations to consider. There are biomechanical models of human behaviour, used for design these types of structures. In addition, there are mathematical models to simulate the behaviour of the Grandstands by numerical methods. In recent years, all these models are throwing good results, against laboratory tests performed. It has also been monitored real Grandstands. This paper compiles all existing information on this topic.
Highlights
Grandstands are slender structures designed to accommodate a large number of people
Sim presented the problem of the loads produced by crowds using a simplified system with a small number of degrees of freedom representing simultaneously the crowd and structure [42,43]. He started with models until 5-degree of freedom (DOF), keeping in mind the structure and models 2-DOF of active and passive people
One was developed using Filtered Gaussian white noise processes to approximate the loading terms representing an active crowd. This model includes a biodynamic model concentrates with a single degree of freedom to reflect passive spectators occupying the structure [72]
Summary
Grandstands are slender structures designed to accommodate a large number of people. There are several criteria for classification based on use (sports events, shows or religious uses), its morphology (grandstands covered, uncovered, scaffold type, extendible) or the material used (concrete, steel, composite or other materials). In the design of grandstands, there are two loads types which we should pay special attention: wind loads and human-structure interaction. It has been discussed of this topic, the number of publications still remains low. Wind loads are important when grandstands have roof and other elements affected by the wind: large billboards, screens, etc. The public mass has not been considered as a dynamic load. Public masses add a large amount compared with the mass of the structure. The effect of people is an important factor to be considered
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