Structural diversity in two-dimensional coordination polymers constructed from simple building-blocks; a rare example of coordination polymer polymorphs structurally characterised from multiple crystals

Abstract

A family of two-dimensional coordination polymers formed from the reaction of Cd(NO(3))(2) with pyrazine or pyrimidine is reported, including rare examples of polymorphic coordination polymers which crystallise as multiple crystals. Six coordination polymers have been structurally characterised, four for pyrazine and two for pyrimidine-based systems, all of which form two-dimensional arrays utilising pyrazine/pyrimidine bridging, in some instances in combination with nitrate bridging. The compounds form either 4(4) grids (1,3,4,5), or in one instance, a 6(3) herringbone sheet structure (2). In the case of 3, two polymorphs have been identified, 3a and 3b, in which the three-dimensional arrangements of the coordination polymers differ only in the relative ordering of adjacent two-dimensional sheets. It was found that these two polymorphs crystallise in a simultaneous fashion such that each crystal studied was found to contain regions of both polymorphs and was believed to be a multiple crystal. Assessment of the phase purity of the product from the reaction of Cd(NO(3))(2) with either pyrazine or pyrimidine indicates that compounds 1and 5 are not formed when the products are formed by rapid precipitation but only when using slow-diffusion methods. It is also apparent that in almost all instances more than one product is formed from a given reaction thereby illustrating the complexity of coordination polymer formation even when using simple building-blocks. For the crystal engineer this complexity is perhaps best illustrated by the simultaneous formation of 3a and 3b where no chemical interactions differentiate the two polymorphs, presenting a seemingly insurmountable complexity in the engineering of these systems.