Stripping away rights: The impact of sexual entertainment venue licensing and feminist campaigns on dancers’ safety and livelihoods

In sustaining excellence in a globalized Malay and Islamic world, it is important to investigate the influence of the Malaysian cultural background in many areas including in the area of researching. This paper was part of a larger study that investigated the influence of Malay values and culture in conducting a participatory action research project in Malaysia. The participatory action research project, which originated from the Western philosophy, was conducted by a research team which consisted of the first author of the current paper and two Malay lecturers from Bakti Polytechnic (pseudonyms). Through qualitative methods such as observation, informal conversations, journal reflections and semi-structured interviews, this study investigated the experiences of the two Malay lecturers in negotiating the Western-based concepts in a participatory action research project. Due to the importance of reflection and action in a participatory action research, data was analysed through critical reflective analysis steps (Puteh-Behak, Using a multiliteracies approach in a Malaysian Polytechnic classroom: A participatory action research project. Doctoral thesis, University of Southern Queensland, Queensland, Australia, 2013) which included the process of observing and noting personal reflections, confronting and thinking and taking action. Findings suggest that the Malay lecturers’ social hierarchy background affected the way they negotiated the Western-based egalitarian concept in participatory action research.

Given that promoting social justice is one of the central organizing principles of social work, it comes as no surprise that participatory action research has gained much attention among social work researchers. While much has been written about promising practices of participatory action research with various marginalized communities, there remains a dearth of participatory action research literature that focuses on trans* people, a population often under attack in current socio-political climates. In this paper, we report on a participatory action research project, in which a trans* artist worked closely with trans* youth participants (n = 5) to assist them through a creative project. Using a queer theoretical lens and drawing from the concept of “queer world-making,” the participants recast cultural representations about what it means to be trans* in their chosen artistic medium. This paper suggests that art can serve as a transformative research practice with trans* youth. Our findings suggest that the rhetorical binary of trans* vulnerability and resilience does not adequately represent lived experience. We make this argument by demonstrating the following processes through which youths engaged art in this participatory action research project: (1) countering normative discourses of what it means to be trans*, (2) promoting self- reflection and expression, and (3) facilitating “queer counterpublics.” In so doing, we make an argument for art as a qualitative research process that holds much promise in uncovering and challenging the normative discourse and developing a much more complex and nuanced understanding of what it means to be trans* youth.

Part I: A Conceptual Framework for the Field of Mixed Methods Research Chapter 1: Why a Guide to the Field of Mixed Methods Research? Introducing a Conceptual Framework of the Field The Essence of Mixed Methods Research The Field of Mixed Methods Research The Need for a Guide for Navigating the Field of Mixed Methods Research The Socio-Ecological Framework for the Field of Mixed Methods Research Application of the Socio-Ecological Framework to a Mixed Methods Study Using the Socio-Ecological Framework to Guide This Book Chapter 2: What Is the Core of Mixed Methods Research Practice? Introducing the Mixed Methods Research Process The Role of the Mixed Methods Research Process in the Field of Mixed Methods Research Major Perspectives About the Mixed Methods Research Process Issues and Debates About the Mixed Methods Research Process Applying the Mixed Methods Research Process in Research Practice Part II: Methodological Content Considerations for Mixed Methods Research Practice Chapter 3: What Is Mixed Methods Research? Considering How Mixed Methods Research Is Defined The Role of Definitions in the Field of Mixed Methods Research Terminology Used to Name Mixed Methods Research Major Perspectives for Defining Mixed Methods Research Examples of Mixed Methods Research Definitions Issues and Debates About Definitions Applying Definitions in Mixed Methods Research Practice Chapter 4: Why Use Mixed Methods Research? Identifying Rationales for Mixing Methods The Role of Rationales in the Field of Mixed Methods Research Major Perspectives About Rationales for Mixed Methods Research Examples of Rationales for Mixed Methods Research Issues and Debates About Rationales Applying Rationales in Mixed Methods Research Practice Chapter 5: How to Use Mixed Methods Research? Understanding the Basic Mixed Methods Designs The Role of Designs in the Field of Mixed Methods Research Major Perspectives About Designs for Mixed Methods Research Basic Designs for Mixed Methods Research Issues and Debates About the Mixed Methods Research Designs Applying the Mixed Methods Research Designs in Research Practice Chapter 6: How to Expand the Use of Mixed Methods Research? Intersecting Mixed Methods With Other Approaches The Role of Advanced Applications of Designs in the Field of Mixed Methods Research Major Perspectives About Advanced Applications of Designs for Mixed Methods Research Examples of Advanced Mixed Methods Designs Issues and Debates About Intersecting Mixed Methods With Other Approaches Applying Advanced Applications of Designs in Mixed Methods Research Practice Chapter 7: How to Assess Mixed Methods Research? Considering Mixed Methods Research Quality The Role of Quality in the Field of Mixed Methods Research Major Perspectives About Quality for Mixed Methods Research Examples of Quality for Mixed Methods Research Issues and Debates About Quality in Mixed Methods Research Applying Quality in Mixed Methods Research Practice Part III: Contexts That Shape Mixed Methods Research Practice Chapter 8: How Do Personal Contexts Shape Mixed Methods? Considering Philosophical, Theoretical, and Experiential Foundations for Mixed Methods Research The Role of Personal Contexts in the Field of Mixed Methods Research Major Perspectives About Personal Contexts for Mixed Methods Research Stances About Personal Contexts for Mixed Methods Research Issues and Debates About Personal Contexts and Mixed Methods Research Applying Personal Contexts in Mixed Methods Research Practice Chapter 9: How Do Interpersonal Contexts Shape Mixed Methods? Considering Interactions With Research Participants, Teams, and Reviewers in Mixed Methods Research The Role of Interpersonal Contexts in the Field of Mixed Methods Research Major Perspectives About Interpersonal Contexts for Mixed Methods Research Examples of Addressing Interpersonal Contexts in Mixed Methods Research Practice Issues and Debates About Interpersonal Contexts and Mixed Methods Research Applying Interpersonal Contexts in Mixed Methods Research Practice Chapter 10: How Do Social Contexts Shape Mixed Methods? Considering Institutional, Disciplinary, and Societal Influences on Mixed Methods Research The Role of Social Contexts in the Field of Mixed Methods Research Major Perspectives About Social Contexts for Mixed Methods Research Considering the Status of Mixed Methods Research Within Social Contexts Issues and Debates About Social Contexts and Mixed Methods Research Applying Social Contexts in Mixed Methods Research Practice Part IV: Concluding Thoughts Chapter 11: Where Is Mixed Methods Research Headed? Applying the Field in Your Mixed Methods Research Practice Utility of Our Socio-Ecological Framework to Guide Your Mixed Methods Research Practice Applying the Framework: Understanding the Messiness of Mixed Methods Research Applying the Framework: Implementing Your Mixed Methods Research Studies Applying the Framework: Developing Your Expertise in Mixed Methods Research Applying the Framework: Future Developments in Mixed Methods Research

Novel Research Methods Prescribed for LTC

In the past decade the Netherlands has seen major reforms in health- and social care. These reforms accomplished a shift from a social democratic welfare state to a ‘participation society’; people with care and support need to live at home longer and have to rely on their informal network for support. In order to provide an answer to the retreat of state organized support we see an increase of citizens initiatives for care, wellbeing and support in The Netherlands. The growing movement of citizens initiatives, or ‘caring communities, is diffuse. ‘They vary in target groups, activities, organisation and goals. However, they have in common that they are filling the gap care and support provisions that the government has left behind. In order to get a better image of this movement, their impact and the challenges they face in collaborating with the Dutch care system, Vilans and the Dutch umbrella organization of citizens initiatives (NLZVE) bundled their forces in a variety of research projects. This collaboration started in 2020 with the ‘Monitor on the Movement of Caring Communities’. In co-creation with key figures from the movement of caring communities we developed a survey. The results of this survey (n=346) gave us insight in the activities, goals, partners and bottlenecks of these initiatives and initiated new participatory action research projects. These focused on reliable and sustainable financing for citizen initiatives, how initiatives measure their impact and how caring communities and ‘system parties’ work together. Together with different initiatives we explored different financing models and their pros and cons. The lack of sustainable financing options for citizen initiatives is a bottleneck for the development of these initiatives and for durable collaboration with the system parties. Simultaneously we found that many initiatives struggle to show their impact. This impact is often implied (i.e. less loneliness or a healthier population) but hardly mapped. We found that the lack of a clear message about the impact of an initiative hinders a durable financial model. Municipalities and other financiers need to know what the effect of their investment is. To help the movement of caring communities better map their impact and organize sustainable financing we developed, through co-design, two different tools. Another bottleneck for caring communities is the collaboration between these communities and the ‘system’. Caring communities often exist because of discontent with and/or inaccessibility of care and wellbeing services. However, we see that when initiatives want to expand their services (i.e. in the field of home- or social care) they have to collaborate, or in some cases even become part of, the care system. Our project focused on how these worlds come together without both of them losing their strengths and identity. The lessons learned will, together with the survey outcome and both tools, presented during the oral presentation. Additionally we will present our next steps, which include a qualitative and participatory research project on the impact of citizens initiatives and a data driven approach to identify the complete movement of caring communities in The Netherlands.

Sexual spaces, normally inhabited by (mostly) female sex workers, are understood as masculine spaces, and positioned for and around male consumers. However, red light zones and public sex performances in both Thailand and Holland are being explored and visually consumed by female tourists in significant numbers. Their presence in red light districts and sexual venues is at odds with the ways in which sexual spaces have normally been positioned. Woman and Sex Tourism Landscapes explores female tourists' interactions with highly sexualized spaces and places in two very different contexts: the Netherlands and Thailand. Addressing this incongruence, this text explores the ways in which these spaces are constructed, and examines the different relations that govern the management of, and female tourist interactions with these liminal,sexual zones. Ethnographic data collected in both countries suggests that far from being male-centred spaces, the red light districts and associated sexual entertainment venues are very much open to female tourists. Drawing on this research the author argues that some women are indeed interested in exploring sexualized zones, challenging assumptions about women’s involvements with sexual space. Thinking specifically about the visual nature of women's sexualized experiences, the analysis draws on a range of different theoretical understandings that address power, privilege, and the gaze. An important contribution to a range of debates, this book will appeal to students and researchers in tourism, geography, sociology, gender studies and cultural theory.

Background This participatory action research (PAR) project involved a collaboration with a self‐advocacy group of people with intellectual disabilities that sought to build group capacity for advocacy.Materials and Methods This study used a focus group, sustained participatory engagement and a reflexive process to gather qualitative and quantitative data over 15 months. All methods were adapted to ensure accessibility and to support active participation.Results The collaboration generated action products, including tools to support advocacy and an accessible action and reflection process. Research findings suggest that active participation is essential for group control, but alone does not automatically lead to control. The manner in which supports are provided, including member supports, advisor supports, strategy supports and systems supports, influences the extent to which members have a sense of control over decision making and participation and thus, improved capacity for advocacy.Conclusions A PAR approach can be used to increase a group’s capacity for advocacy and meaningfully involve self‐advocacy groups in participatory research that leads to change.

In 2007, two years after Hurricane Katrina, several education and child advocacy groups began discussing the depleted conditions of the New Orleans public school district. These groups came together to discuss how to create a sustainable education reform movement post Katrina. New Orleans-based community groups and outside university researchers joined together to implement a multi-year participatory action research project to engage historically marginalized, black communities in a dialog about quality public education. We found that, in order to create a collective vision for what quality public education looks like for black children, the New Orleans community needs to resolve perceived challenges with inequitable access to quality public schools, with who has a say in governing these schools, with inconsistent quality of teachers, with inequitable distribution of resources, and with strategies for serving challenging students. The results of this pilot participatory action research project led to a sustained community engagement campaign addressing these issues.

This paper describes the development of a unique prison participatory research project, in which incarcerated women formed a research team, the research activities and the lessons learned. The participatory action research project was conducted in the main short sentence minimum/medium security women's prison located in a Western Canadian province. An ethnographic multi-method approach was used for data collection and analysis. Quantitative data was collected by surveys and analysed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data was collected from orientation package entries, audio recordings, and written archives of research team discussions, forums and debriefings, and presentations. These data and ethnographic observations were transcribed and analysed using iterative and interpretative qualitative methods and NVivo 7 software. Up to 15 women worked each day as prison research team members; a total of 190 women participated at some time in the project between November 2005 and August 2007. Incarcerated women peer researchers developed the research processes including opportunities for them to develop leadership and technical skills. Through these processes, including data collection and analysis, nine health goals emerged. Lessons learned from the research processes were confirmed by the common themes that emerged from thematic analysis of the research activity data. Incarceration provides a unique opportunity for engagement of women as expert partners alongside academic researchers and primary care workers in participatory research processes to improve their health.

The political violence that haunts much of modern Latin America has long preoccupied scholars of the region. Yet few works provide a perspective as wide-ranging as A Century of Revolution. This important collection — with its careful attention to causes, processes, and outcomes — goes a long way toward debunking the widespread view that political violence is “natural” to Latin America. It also shows just how restrained revolutionary violence has often been in face of pervasive counterrevolutionary terror.In his extensive introduction, Greg Grandin forcefully argues that political violence should be taken as a category of historical analysis. He criticizes historians of Latin America for having ceded to other disciplines “the task of assessing and defining the larger historical meaning of twentieth-century Latin American political violence” (p. 11). As overstated as this claim may be, Grandin is right to call for more historical analysis of Latin American political violence. Drawing heavily on Arno Mayer’s study of violence in the French and Russian revolutions, Grandin proposes that historians view political violence as a contingent historical process; pay closer attention to the interplay between revolutionary and counterrevolutionary violence as well as between domestic and international forces; and consider Latin America’s revolutionary twentieth century as a distinct historical period (“revolutionary” is defined quite broadly here and includes populist regimes).Ten deeply researched case studies reinforce but also expand on Grandin’s framework. Friedrich Katz examines why Mexico’s revolutionary reforms of the 1930s did not engender the mass terror marking similar changes elsewhere in the world. Katz masterfully contrasts Mexico with the Soviet Union to highlight the differing roles played by international powers, counterrevolutionary forces, and revolutionary leaders. Yet his analysis also stresses distinct traditions of state repression, levels of state power, and memories of earlier revolutionary violence. Memory and the “spectacle” of revolution ary violence stand at the center of Jocelyn Olcott’s study of a 1930 demonstration in Matamoros, Mexico, that cost the lives of 20 communists. Olcott uses an understudied issue — revolutionary state violence against radical revolutionaries — to show how competing representations of political violence can shape intra-revolutionary struggles for power and legitimacy. Jeffrey Gould’s essay stands out for illuminating how passion and memory shaped revolutionary and counterrevolutionary violence in El Salvador’s insurrection of 1932 and Nicaragua’s Sandinista Revolution. The juxtaposition of the two events also allows Gould to highlight the political costs of the revolutionaries’ own symbolic violence. Moving to Chile’s southern frontier, Thomas Klubock’s essay details how the 1934 rural uprising in Ránquil was structurally rooted in the violent colonization process of the late nineteenth century. His contribution neatly reveals that antipeasant/counterrevolutionary violence can, at times, reflect weak elite authority in a quasi-stateless countryside.The next six case studies cover the Cold War era. Michelle Chase examines the 1959 trials and executions carried out by Cuba’s revolutionary regime against Batista officials accused of human rights violations. Focusing on the debate over legitimate/illegitimate violence, Chase convincingly argues that the executions reflected not “some ahistorical Marxist propensity toward violence” but the regime’s success in restraining revolutionary violence from below. Lillian Guerra in turn explores how the Cuban counterrevolution shaped the repression of the revolutionary state. That this repression took a less overtly violent and more disciplinary form is evident in her analysis of the regime’s use of “weapons of intimidation” against distinct sectors of Cuban society. Peter Winn’s comprehensive study of the origins of Chile’s 1973 coup and its violent aftermath reveals the very different role that ideology can play in shaping revolutionary and counterrevolutionary violence. Like Gould, Winn underscores the high political cost that the Left can incur for its own symbolic violence. Carlota McAllister challenges recent accounts of the Guatemalan civil war by showing how Mayans were willing participants in the guerrilla struggle of the 1970s and ’80s — not its hapless victims. Her ethnographic work reveals that although ladino racism and state repression pushed poor Mayans to take up arms, revolutionary ideals and a sense of historical necessity were just as important. Rather than emphasizing ideology, Gerardo Rénique stresses structural factors in his essay on Peru’s civil war of 1980 – 92. He thus focuses less on the war itself than on its historical roots, especially the 1960s changes affecting rural society, the Left, and the military. This emphasis on structure also marks Forrest Hylton’s study of why a Colombian city (Medellín) that had been largely untouched by La Violencia of the 1940s – 50s became, in the 1980s, a center of narco-paramilitary violence. He suggests that Medellín’s brazen narco-paramilitary violence stemmed mainly from the efforts of narco-entrepreneurs to create a “parastate.” For Hylton, this violent process “epitomizes the refeudalization of power” (p. 357). To quote Charles Tilly, we might also see it as “state making as organized crime.”The book closes with four conceptual essays. Corey Robin provides a sweeping reflection on US support for counterrevolutions, while Neil Larsen stresses the histori cal contingency of Latin American political violence and its structural roots in capitalist modernization. Gilbert Joseph similarly links Latin America’s political violence with modernity and blasts revisionist efforts to render revolutionary violence as senseless. Above all, he argues that the region’s Cold War began with the Mexican Revolution, due to its profound effects on US-Latin American relations. Arno Mayer, in an interview with Grandin, reiterates the benefits of a comparative approach that not only stresses historical contingency but situates political violence in its social, economic, and cultural contexts.Overall, this stimulating volume sheds important light on the history of twentieth-century Latin America. It presents innovative ways of studying political violence, thanks especially to its careful attention to dialectical relationships such as revolutionary/counterrevolutionary violence, local/international forces, and agency/structure (though there is little discussion of the interplay between everyday forms of violence and political violence). A Century of Revolution powerfully shows why Latin American historians of all eras should consider political violence a key category of historical analysis.

BackgroundThe involvement and engagement of people with lived experience is considered increasingly important in health research. A growing corpus of literature on the involvement of people with lived experience of mental health conditions, including people at psychosis high risk states, can be found. This study aims to explore the subjective experience of researchers and co-researchers with lived experience of psychosis high risk states who were involved in a participatory research project.MethodsIn this study with a combined participatory and qualitative research approach, we used a reflexive thematic analysis approach to systematically analyse open reflection reports from researchers and co-researchers with lived experience of psychosis high risk states, who took part in a participatory research project (VOICE). All participants (n = 12) were asked to anonymously write reflection reports on their subjective experience of participatory research. There were no formal or content-related instructions for writing the reflection reports. Reflection reports provided by eight participants were qualitatively analysed.ResultsThree themes were identified from the analysis of the reflection reports. First “When uncertainty becomes a unifying element – reflecting on expectations and roles”. Second “Fostering community growth: creating an environment for collaborative teamwork as well as new and creative directions”. Third “Exploring personal and scientific achievements of the project”. At the outset of the research project, the researchers’ focus was on expectations and reflections on their role within the project, accompanied by a feeling of uncertainty. Subsequently, a sense of community developed within a favourable study framework. Finally, attention focused on research project outcomes and personal achievements within the project.ConclusionThe analysis of the anonymous reflection reports on a participatory research project indicates that there was a positive collaboration between participants with and without lived experience of psychosis high risk states, wherein they were able to interact on an equal footing. Participants reported an experience of equal cooperation and gained relevant personal insights from project participation. Although we do not have clear evidence of experiences of power imbalances or perceived hierarchies based on the analysed reports, these cannot be ruled out and have to be addressed in future research.

Many people residing in nursing or residential care homes (also called long-term care facilities) live with physical or cognitive difficulties. Staff working in these environments often help residents (particularly those with more advanced dementia) with their personal care needs, including maintaining mouth care and health. Poor oral health is associated with many difficulties, including increased risk of respiratory problems, pain and discomfort. Yet, concerns have been raised that staff may not have the knowledge and skills to effectively support residents with oral care and health. There is therefore an important gap between what is known about the importance of maintaining oral health (scientific evidence) and daily practice in long-term care environments. To work with care home staff: (1) to create a learning culture to address how to promote mouth care for residents, particularly when a resident resists support with this aspect of care; and (2) to effect mouth care practice changes (if required) using participatory and inclusive research cycles. We conducted a participatory research project to address this important area of care. Four participatory research 'cycles' were conducted. Cycle one explored existing literature to develop accessible guidance on strategies that staff could use to support residents to maintain and improve oral care, particularly when a resident may resist such care. Cycle two built on this review to determine knowledge levels within the care team. This highlighted deficiencies in staff knowledge, skills and competence for providing mouth care and their need for training to address this. Cycle three identified evidence-based strategies to develop staff understanding and knowledge. Cycle four brought together experts from nursing, dentistry, behaviour change, systematic reviews and care homes research to develop a grant application to progress this work further. This paper provides an example of the processes undertaken in a participatory research project, bringing together science and practice to improve an essential area of care. Using participatory research approaches in this setting can allow the effective translation of uncertainties in care and practice into questions that can be addressed by research, leading to meaningful outcomes for those living and working in care homes.

This paper illustrates the importance of critical reflexivity in guiding socially and ethically responsible participatory research through an analysis of reflexive notes pertaining to the process of a participatory filmmaking research project with children with disabilities. Within this process, numerous ethical tensions emerged in the field regarding the participation of children with disabilities, authenticity of stories shared, navigating facilitator’s voice, issues of representation of child co-researchers, safety and risks associated with sharing everyday realities within the film, and limits to immediate action. The practice of individual and shared critical reflexivity among researchers, and inclusivity of child co-researchers, was central in navigating ethical tensions. This paper makes transparent the process of critical reflexivity within a participatory action research project by highlighting the ethical tensions faced, contextualizing them within cultural practices and power relations, and sharing strategies used to address ‘ethics in practice.’ We end by proposing practical strategies to enhance reflexive research practices in participatory work.

Although school communities may be required to provide physical education opportunities for all students-including for those with disabilities-the same is not generally true with respect to school sport (i.e., participation in interscholastic or intramural sport programs). Hence, opportunities for inclusive school sport participation are consequently limited. Recognizing the need for continued attention and action in this area, we recently developed and piloted Game Changers-a participatory action research project. Together, 27 students with various cognitive and/or intellectual disabilities (i.e., student-participants), their schools' six physical education teachers and learning support teachers (i.e., champion-participants), four university researchers (i.e., researcher-participants), and two community partners [i.e., Physical and Health Education (PHE) Canada, Special Olympics Nova Scotia] engaged in the Game Changers project with three idealized goals: (a) to bring to the fore para/adapted/inclusive sport opportunities for all students; (b) to provide an empowering opportunity for students with disabilities to participate, make choices, and act as leaders in the development of sport programming; and (c) to engage youth with disabilities in sport as participants, leaders, mentors, and role models. Utilizing a mixed-methods design, data were collected from a variety of sources before the implementation of the Game Changers program, during its implementation, and once it was complete. These four data sources included the following: pre- and post-program survey for student-participants, pre- and post-program focus group interviews for student-participants, pre- and post-program focus group interviews for champion-participants, and school/sport observations. The first cycle of this participatory action research project has yielded positive and informative findings. Strictly positive findings, among others, relate to the following: improving upon students' perceived competence and autonomy, inviting student voice, identifying and responding to sport participation barriers, and creating genuine sport opportunities within school settings. More undesirable yet informative findings, among others, relate to the following: unachieved intrinsic motivation and belonging, (un)sustainability of sport programs without "interventions" like Game Changers, recreation/leisure as "substitutes" for sport, and a continued want for authentic leadership and mentorship opportunities. With these findings, we offer insights for future iterations of Game Changers (and programs like it) in similar school communities.

Indonesia government pays little attention to address impending threat of the existences of upland smallholder farmers due to insufficient farm income. This condition poses an imminent threat to national food security. One of the initiatives to address the condition is participatory action research project conducted by Faculty of Forestry UGM with 12 upland smallholder farmers in Wonogiri regency from 2016 to 2018. The result of the participatory action research project showed that although the 12 smallholder farmers practice cropland agroforestry system in marginal land, their increased rice production could improve farm income, be similar in rice field and support national food security. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating lesson-learned of the participatory action research project. This study was conducted on January-March 2020, used participant observation and semi-structure interview methods to collect data from the 12 smallholder farmers. After the collected data were analyzed by descriptive method, this study founded four points of lesson-learned including (1) finding a responsive smallholder farmer group; (2) minimizing negative role of local elite; (3) maximizing positive role of local elite; (4) implementing modified technology package.