STRESSING OF DERIVATIVE WORDS (REGARDING METHODOLOGY)

Dialect language as one of the main forms of the national language, which accumulates and reflects the linguistic and spiritual code of the people, its ethnic identity, is in the center of attention of linguists. Today dialects are perceived and evaluated as a phenomenon of natural functioning of language, a source of enrichment of literary language, knowledge of the ethnopsychology of the speaker, the study of historical language processes. One of the means of identifying a person in the information space is the emphasis, which is presented as a separate section in the ancient Ukrainian grammars of the XVI century. Some aspects of dialectal stress have sporadically attracted the attention of linguists in phonetic and morphological aspects. Their works, in which the peculiarities of speech in general and emphasis in particular are considered with varying completeness, serve as a reliable source in further research. A large, qualitatively new empirical base of Ukrainian dialectology has been created to date, which is the basis for the formulation and solution of complex linguistic issues, including the creation of a cadastre of dialectal phenomena and their scientific interpretation; implementation of comparative and historical-typological analysis of dialectal phenomena in national and Slavic contexts. The algorithm of research of dialectal stress is presented in the studio; stepwise analysis of mobility / immobility of accents of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals in Ukrainian religious speech has been illustrated. The analysis of the dialect material presented in various sources made it possible to single out nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, which differentiate and integrate the Ukrainian dialect continuum in word change, word formation. It was found that the common accentuation feature in the Ukrainian dialect space is the presence of each of these accent types; differentiation lies in the repertoire and in the fullness of the accent type. Integration-differential features in the Ukrainian dialect space in the word-changing paradigm of nouns are the emphasis of individual nouns, their forms. The proposed scheme of analysis of dialectal stress will help the researcher to systematize, classify the collected material. In the article it is impossible to give a complete list of words that differentiate the Ukrainian dialect space on the basis of emphasis. The given list of words is open. It is hoped that in the future it will be supplemented with tokens of different grammatical classes, as one of the urgent tasks of Ukrainian dialectologists is to create a cadastre of such words and phenomena that differentiate the Ukrainian dialect continuum.

The proposed article is devoted to the problems and challenges that arise in the process of translating computer vocabulary from English to Ukrainian, including terms related to information technologies, software, the Internet, and modern gadgets. The research highlights the choice between different translation strategies: tracing (literal translation), transcription and transliteration, adaptation of terms or creation of new words in order to preserve the comprehensibility and acceptability of the translation in the Ukrainian language context. Typical mistakes that occur during translation are analyzed, in particular, inaccuracies due to direct copying, loss of meaning or stylistic differences, as well as the influence of anglicisms on the Ukrainian language. Special attention is paid to cultural and linguistic factors that complicate the process of terminology adaptation, as well as the influence of English-language dominance on the development of Ukrainian IT vocabulary. Attention was paid to the history of the term formation of computer vocabulary in the English language and its evolutionary path. The study also outlines the reasons for the global impact of computer vocabulary from the English language on other languages, in particular on the Ukrainian language. It has been proven that the Ukrainian language has its own equivalents for most English terms related to IT and computers, but due to objective reasons, the Ukrainian language does not use them, giving preference to English terms. In addition, scientific research offers recommendations for improving the translation process, taking into account modern linguistic trends and user requirements. The article proves the importance of creating agreed standards and cooperation between linguists, translators and specialists in the field of information technology to improve the quality and consistency of translations.

The complex historical fate of the Ukrainian language has primarily affected its vocabulary, which has undergone significant changes over the past two centuries. In the new Ukrainian literary language, which emerged on a folk basis thanks to the works of Ivan Kotliarevskyi and Taras Shevchenko, many words inherited from the old Ukrainian literary language were replaced by synonyms from the vernacular speech. As a result, modern Ukrainian speakers may not perceive archaic lexemes as Ukrainian, even though these words of Proto-Slavic origin were already attested in Old Slavonic language and actively used in the Old Ukrainian period (14th–18th centuries), continued to be used in the new Ukrainian literary language until the first quarter of the 20th century, and are still in use in Ukrainian dialects. The article demonstrates the “Ukrainian-ness” of archaic lexemes such as время, год, нельзя, and послідній. Based on lexicographic works of the 19th to the first quarter of the 20th century, including the “Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language” by P. Biletskyi-Nosenko, the “Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language” edited by B. Hrinchenko, the “Ukrainian-German Dictionary” by Y. Zhelekhivskyi and S. Nedilskyi, the “Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary” by M. Umanets and A. Spilka, and the “Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary” edited by A. Krymskyi and S. Yefremov, as well as texts by Ukrainian writers of the 18th–19th centuries, including Hryhorii Skovoroda, Ivan Kotliarevskyi, and Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko, Romantic poets, Taras Shevchenko, and collections of paroemias compiled and organized by M. Nomys and I. Franko, the history of the usage of these words throughout the centuries is traced. Based on dialectal dictionaries, it is shown that these archaic lexemes continue to be used in various Ukrainian dialects, including Boyko, Bukovynian, Hutsul, Central Dnieper, East Slobozhanskyi, and others. This is a trace of the past literary-written tradition, evidence of our language-historical memory, and not elements of the Russian language or surzhyk. Misunderstanding the nature of such lexical units can distort Ukrainians’ perception of their national identity.

The article examines new words as a result of semantic derivation, which arises and functions both in the literary and national Ukrainian language of the beginning of the 21st century. The research was carried out on the material of the Ukrainian Internet discourse, since nowadays it is an extensive source (it covers various electronic media, social networks, forums, blogs, chat rooms, guest books, search sites) and a powerful communicative environment, thanks to which the spheres of interpersonal and group communication have been enlarged enormously. That is why within it a significant amount of semantic neologisms are being created and productively functioning there. The main factors contributing to the activation of semantic processes in the modern Ukrainian language have been identified. It is characterized by neologisms that appeared due to the expansion of the semantic structure of a number of proper and borrowed words. The main thematic groups of well-known lexemes, represented by military, medical, sports, artistic and other topical fields, have been outlined and analyzed. Considerable attention is also paid to the creation of the non-codified new words through semantic derivation within the colloquial variantof language, and slang. It is characteristic that the vast majority of semantic neologisms recorded in modern Internet communication arise thanks to various metaphors that expand and enrich the expressive and figurative means of the Ukrainian language. Only some of neologisms appeared due to the shift of the meaning structure of the words based on metonymy and synecdoche. The main reasons for the active production of semantic neologisms in the Ukrainian Internet discourse are being analyzed.

The article deals with the composition of the lexical-semantic group “names of an illegitimate child” in the Ukrainian language, in particular in dialects, as well as with the word-forming structure, etymology and semantic processes that take place in it. Special attention is paid to the history and etymology of the lexemes байстрюк, бастард and копил. The active use of the word байстрюк in the modern literary Ukrainian language, in particular in its colloquial version, is emphasized. It was found that the Ukrainian nominations of an illegitimate child represent a very diverse range of motivational models: ʻlocus of conception or of a birth of a child’, ʻthe lewd nature of the mother’s behavior’, ʻabnormal appearance of the child in the family’, etc. The lexical implementation of these models differs significantly in different regions of Ukraine. Borrowed mainly from the Polish language or through its mediation, lexemes to denote an illegitimate child show a wide phonetic and word-forming variation in the process of adaptation to the system of the Ukrainian language or — more narrowly — to the peculiarities of certain dialects. Most names represent pejorative connotative semes — rude, abusive; but sometimes they show sympathy for an illegitimate child. Keywords: illegitimate child, Ukrainian dialects, dialect dictionaries, areal lexical variety

Territorial and Societal Variants of Contemporary Polish in UkraineThe article presents various types of differentiation in contemporary Polish language in Ukraine. It focuses primarily on 1) territorial factors – dispersion over a large area and the consequent diversification of political and cultural conditions, as well as influence from different languages and Ukrainian dialects, 2) societal factors – regional (cultural) Polish of former south-eastern Kresy in urban and rural centres, and the stratification of rural Polish into separate dialects of the peasantry and nobility, 3) historical factors – the influence that the history of Polish settlement in the region exerted on the shape of local Polish dialects. Referring to her own, 25-year long experience in studying Polish in Ukraine, and also to the literature on this topic, this author verifies previous views on the territorial and societal variations of the Polish language in Ukraine and revises the related interpretations of linguistic facts (e.g. the origin of the dental ł in Polish dialects in Ukraine).

The present paper is based on materials of different genres and different styles of Ukrai- nian written monuments of the 16th and the 17th centuries (acts, court documents, wills, deeds, documents of church and school fraternities, chronicles, works of religious, polemi- cal and fiction, memos of scientific and educational literature, liturgical literature, episto- lary heritage, etc.) which are included in the source database of the Dictionary of Ukrainian language of the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century and its unique lexical card index, which is stored at the Ukrainian Language Department in the I. Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Lviv). The composition and structural organization of Church Slavonic lexemes meaning ‘God; God’s face’ as well as their origin and history are studied.It was found that the register of this vocabulary included more than fifty phonetic and graphic Church Slavonic elements expressing the concept of ‘God; God’s face’ different in word-forming structure. The main attention is paid to the etymological analysis of the studied tokens, which was primarily to clarify their semantic etymon. It is established that the analyzed Church Slavonicisms are mostly semantic loans from the Greek language, which preserved their semantics from ancient times to the Old Ukrainian period.It is observed that some studied tokens often act as core components of various two-, three-, or four-membered lexicalized phrases. The most active multifunctional core com- ponent was the token Lord. It is established that fixed phrases and phraseologisms are of different types in structure, mostly two-component noun + adjective phrases (sporadically, there are other lexical-grammatical models, too: “noun + noun”, “preposition + adjective”). Much less observable are three-component formations (“noun + verb + pronoun“, “verb + pronoun + noun“) and four-component models (“verb + preposition + pronoun + noun”).It was found that the Church Slavonic words attested in the Ukrainian memos of the 16th and the 17th centuries did not undergo significant semantic changes in the process of formation of religious vocabulary. Some Church Slavonicisms have gone through a partial semantic modification, and some have acquired new semantics due to fixed phrases. Some words that point to God’s face are characterized by polysemy and synonymy.The evolution of the analyzed Church Slavonicisms is different. Some of them have survived to our time and are actively used in the Ukrainian literary language or dialects, while others function only in a special area: in the church practice of the Byzantine rite (Orthodox Church of Ukraine, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church).

REGIONAL PROPERTIES IN UKRAINIAN-RUSSIAN MIXED SPEECH (SURZHYK) AND THE INFLUENCE OF DIALECTS: PREFIXES AND PREPOSITIONS VID / OT
 Ukrainian surzhyk is a form of mixed Ukrainian-Russian code influenced not only by standard dialects of Ukrainian and Russian, but also by Ukrainian dialects. In the analyses of the kind and intensity of the influence of Ukrainian or Russian on surzhyk, particularly problematic are the cases in which a given structural phenomenon occurs in some Ukrainian dialects and in the standard language, while in other dialects it is identical or very similar to the phenomenon occurring in Russian. Examples of such language units include the prefixes and vid / ot prepositions discussed in this article. Based on the corpus material, in this study the authors used quantitative methods to present the possibility to differentiate the basic tendencies that determine the way and scope of dialectal influences and both standard languages (Ukrainian and Russian). The main conclusion from the analyses of this linguistic phenomenon is the observation according to which a variant originating from the standard Ukrainian language is only preserved in those areas of using surzhyk in which only such variant occurs. In the regions in which both variants occur dialectally, or only the variant identical to Russian occurs, the latter is preserved. In general, it means that in Ukrainian-language areas variants of synonymical forms are reduced in the process of dialect-levelling in surzhyk as a mezolect.

One of the important part of the process of studying the Ukrainian language by non-native speakers is the learning the lexical-semantic group of verbs of motion. The article deals with the main methodical principles and techniques that ensure the assimilation of information about verbs of motion in the course of the discipline «Ukrainian as a foreign language» at the theoretical and practical levels, contribute to mastering the skills to use the verbs of motion by English speaking students in their oral and written communication on their own. The article is devoted to presentation of the methodology for learning verbs of movement the the foreign medical students. The methodology was developed and tested by the teachers of the Department of Ukrainian Studies of Vinnytsya National Pirogov Memorial Medical University and presented in the national textbook «Ukrainian language as a foreign language for English-speaking medical students. Book 1. Sociocultural communication». The aim of the article is to analyze the proposed didactic solutions, presented semantic information, grammatical constructions, educational tables, types of tasks and their content in accordance with the communicative needs of English-speaking students who are starting to learn Ukrainian as a foreign language. In addition to the theoretical substantiation of the research topic, the article presents practical recommendations, a system of exercises for learning verbs of motion in a foreign-language audience at different levels of Ukrainian language proficiency. The method proposed in scientific research is the result of long-term practical work on teaching the Ukrainian language as a foreign language, it is based on a functional-communicative approach that promotes conscious mastery of the language. It is aimed at helping non-native speakers to overcome the difficulties of understanding the lexical-semantic diversity of verbs of motion in the Ukrainian language, their grammatical categories, to gain clear and structured knowledge of a complex and multifaceted topic. The key to a successful result is gradual teaching based on previously studied material, using educational schemes, grammatical constructions, tables, etc. Key words: verbs of motion, Ukrainian language as a foreign language, linguistic didactics, methodology of teaching Ukrainian language as a foreign language.

The article highlights the main directions of application of corpus approach in modern linguistics (scientific and theoretical research, lexicography, linguodidactics). The article presents the possibilities of concordance technologies as a tool for studying the conceptual structure of a political text. Concordance is considered as a way of elaborating an array of corpora of texts of Ukrainian political discourse in 2014-2020. The aim of the article is to reveal the method of using the technology of stacking political texts corpora and concordances to build a nominative field of certain concepts. The study was based on corpora of political texts, which cover the issues of language, language policy, language law and the status of the Ukrainian language as the state language in Ukraine (printed publications: «Hazeta po-ukrainsky», «Holos Ukrainy», «Dzerkalo tyzhnia», «Tyzhden», «Ukrainskyi tyzhden»; electronic publications: www. bagnet.org («Bagnet»); www.censor.net.ua; www.comments.ua (Information and analytical portal «Komentari»); expres.ua («Ekspres-online»); www.focus.ua («Focus»); www.gazeta.ua; www.dt.ua («Dzerkalo tyzhnia»); www.slovoidilo.com («Slovo i dilo»); www.svoboda.org.ua; www.tsn.ua («Televiziina sluzhba novyn»); www.tyzhden.ua («Tyzhden») and others. The object of analysis was the concept LANGUAGE in the Ukrainian political discourse of 2014-2020. The subject of analysis is the specifics of explicit verbalization of the concept LANGUAGE. Concordances allow to analyze different contexts, to deduce the value of a keyword semantics on their basis, to model a nominative field (direct / indirect nomination) of the studied concept of LANGUAGE. The main task of the concordance is to display all cases of use of the word registered in the texts. Unlike the dictionary, which puts the dictionary article in the main place, the concordance gives examples - the right and left contexts of the word. Concordances are used to solve the following linguistic problems: - comparison of different possibilities of using the same word, - analysis of keywords, - analysis of frequency of words and phrases, - search and research of phrases and idioms, - search of translation, for example, terminology, - creation of lists words (used when publishing).

Kārake u prvoj pālijskoj gramatici i njezinu komentaru

In the article religious vocabulary is studied in the diachronic aspect based on the material of different genres and different styles of Ukrainian written monuments of the 16th – 18th centuries (act books of city governments, city and provincial courts, village councils, privileges, land lustration, books of income and expenditure, wills, deeds, descriptions of castles, universals of hetman offices, documents of church and school brotherhoods, chronicles, works of religious, polemical and fiction literature, monuments of scientific and educational literature, liturgical literature, epistolary heritage, etc.), included in the sources «Dictionary of the Ukrainian language of the 16th – first half of the 17th century», “Mapping of the Historical Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language”, edited by Ye. Tymchenko and their lexical card indexes, which are stored in the Department of the Ukrainian language of the Ivan Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Lviv). In particular, names related to religious teachings, religions, and names of persons according to their attitude to a particular faith or religion are reviewed. The article focuses on the etymological analysis of religious names, which was primarily focused on the clarification of their semantic etymon. It has been established that the words of the studied lexico-semantic group are not genetically homogeneous, as it includes tokens of different origins, including borrowings from the Greek language, Church Slavonic, Latin, Polonism, etc. Some Church Slavonic names originated as a semantic calque from Greek words. It is observed that the semantic history of some studied words in the Ukrainian language dates back to the early monuments of the Kyivan Rus period. The historical fate of names associated with religious teachings and religions is not the same. Mostly, these names have survived in the modern Ukrainian literary language and liturgical practice. Others were archaized or preserved in Ukrainian dialects. In some religious names, there are vivid features of the Ukrainian language of the 16th – 18th centuries. It has been found that some of the studied tokens act as core components of various two-membered or three-membered stable and lexicalized phrases.

Professor Zdzisław Stieber, well-known for his Slavonic and Polish studies, has contributed to the development of the Ukrainian language continuum, developed the methodology of areal linguistics. Following his expedition records (1934—1935), he drafted one of the first regional atlases of Ukrainian dialects, Atlas językowy dawnej Łemkowszczyzny (vol. 1—8; 1956—1964; 416 maps). He also collected and analyzed the toponymicon of the Lemko region throughout its history and in the context of the Lemko formation as a separate ethnographic group of Ukrainians, created a phonological and phonetic description of the Lemko dialects in syn- chronic and diachronic perspectives, starting from the Proto-Slavic period to their present-day state. The significance of the dialect material recorded by Z. Stieber has particularly increased due to the removal of the Lemko from their native land, their forced scattered resettlement in the regions of Poland and Ukraine far away from the Lemko region (1944—1947), the destruc- tion of their original ethnolinguistic terrain. The latter has elevated Professor Z. Stieber’s mate- rials to a status of the authentic linguistic monument bearing an exclusive information on a wide number of structural language features that have not been traced in other Ukrainian and neighboring Polish and Slovak dialects, which yet to be assessed by research community. He analyzed the archaic language area of the Lemko region in its close connections with the Polish and Slovak continuum and in the context of its interactions with other Ukrainian dialects. Professor Z. Stieber accomplished a thorough analysis of the of Yu. Shevelov’s ground- breaking work A Historical Phonology of the Ukrainian Language (1979), thus strengthening author’s concept of the Ukrainian language genesis starting from the Proto-Slavic period, in contrast with the “theory” of its late formation on the basis of the “Old Slavic base lan- guage” being shared by the Russian and Belarusian languages. He participated in the development of the key provisions of the fundamental all-Slavic project The Slavic Linguistic Atlas. He laid the ground for the further development of Ukrainian studies in the Polish Aca- demy of Sciences and universities. Keywords: Stieber Zdzisław, Ukrainian language, Lemko dialect, toponymies of the Lemko region, Ukrainian and West Slavic interdialectal connections, Ukrainian glottogony.

The modern educational space is constantly changing, looking for new and interesting forms of learning and providing the process of acquiring knowledge. Higher education is being reformed, in particular, innovative methods and means of providing educational services are emerging, the structure of classes and forms of organization of various types of work are changing. It is noted that technical and informational means of training play a key role in the system of training future specialists. In addition, the Internet is an important auxiliary structural element in the work of the teacher. The article presents educational, informative and methodical materials necessary for studying the discipline “Ukrainian language (for professional purposes)”. The complex of tasks is aimed at the development of students’ communicative skills and abilities: to research of lexical and grammatical categories of modern Ukrainian literature languages for optimal language behavior in the professional sphere; to master terminological vocabulary, skills of work with highly specialized dictionaries; to analyze the feasibility of using lexical, morphological, syntactic language means in accordance with communicative intentions; to master the oral and written norms of speech etiquette in professional activities doctor; to learn to differentiate the functional styles of modern Ukrainian literature languages ​in general and get acquainted with the distinctive features of the scientific medical text. The proposed system of tasks will help to master the skills and abilities to communicate orally and in writing in accordance with the goals and social norms of speech behavior in professional spheres and situations. It was analyzed how to improve the education quality of medical students studying of the “Ukrainian language (for professional purposes)”, using Google services. It was suggested that Gmail, Google forms, Google Docs, Google Slides, Blogger can be effectively used in education for communication between academic staff and their students, as well as improve the quality and availability of their training resources. The materials described in the article are intended for Ukrainian students of medical specialties.

The article traces the peculiarities of noun stress in "The First Reader for Public Schools" (1918) by A. Krushelnytskyi, O. Popovych, and B. Lepkyi, which has not been the subject of linguistic research. This publication introduces the textbook by the mentioned authors into the academic discourse. The mentioned textbook was used in practice in primary and secondary Ukrainian-language education in western Ukraine during the time of Austria-Hungary. The norm for all levels of language at that time was the "Malorusko-German Dictionary" by E. Zhelekhivskyi and S. Nedielskyi (1886). Based on this lexicographical work, a phonetic orthography, known as "zhelekhivka," was formed, which the Ministry of Education recognized as official for Ukrainian education. The process of standardizing literary stress in the Ukrainian language is still ongoing today. Therefore, analyzing stresses in a school textbook published over a hundred years ago can help shed light on certain accentuation patterns that have evolved over time. Furthermore, the collected empirical material will enable researchers to substantiate the choice of one or another normative stress pattern. During the research process, it was discovered that the primary stress patterns in "The First Reader" align with contemporary normative stress patterns found in various paper and electronic dictionaries. The article also analyzed non-standard stress patterns in current usage. In the stress patterns of first-declension nouns, the authors of "The First Reader" systematically employ dactylic stress, which is a characteristic feature of the Ukrainian language. However, within the framework of the current accentuation norms, this dactylic stress is often considered incorrect in many cases. Some first-declension nouns exhibit stress patterns influenced by dialectal environments and the influence of the Polish and German languages. This is especially relevant when it comes to the stress patterns of borrowed words. In "The First Reader," one can also observe the form-distinguishing and content-distinguishing functions of stress, which differ from contemporary accentuation models. Among the second-declension nouns, stress patterns with an emphasized prefix were identified, which could partially enrich the normative basis of contemporary literary language. Additionally, a group of diminutive nouns with consistently stressed final syllables was identified. "The First Reader" does not feature deviant stress patterns among third and fourth declension nouns. The findings can be used in further scientific research, lexicographic practice, or in the educational process.