Abstract
The exponential development of methods investigating different levels of spatial genome organization leads to the appreciation of the chromatin landscape's contribution to gene regulation and cell fate. Multiple levels of 3D chromatin organization include chromatin loops and topologically associated domains, followed by euchromatin and heterochromatin compartments, chromatin domains associated with nuclear bodies, and culminate with the chromosome territories. 3D chromatin architecture is exposed to multiple factors such as cell division and stress, including but not limited to mechanical, inflammatory, and environmental challenges. How exactly the stress exposure shapes the chromatin landscape is a new and intriguing area of research. In this mini-review, the developments that motivate the exploration of this field are discussed.
Highlights
The spatial organization of chromatin in interphase cells aims for the correct expression of cell typespecific genes and their accessibility to the regulatory elements
Heterochromatin drives the spatial organization of the interphase nucleus (Falk et al, 2019) and includes lamina-associated domains and nucleolus-associated domains, including pericentric heterochromatin, which is often found at the chromocenters in mouse cells (Guenatri et al, 2004; Németh et al, 2010)
This study suggests the possibility of heterochromatin remodeling and “epigenetic instability” during the Heat stress (HS) exposure and recovery window
Summary
The spatial organization of chromatin in interphase cells aims for the correct expression of cell typespecific genes and their accessibility to the regulatory elements. The initial level of 3D chromatin organization, chromatin loops, are interactions between enhancers and promoters marked by CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF)–binding sites, which are laid inside topologically associated domains (TADs) (Kempfer and Pombo, 2020). Heterochromatin drives the spatial organization of the interphase nucleus (Falk et al, 2019) and includes lamina-associated domains (van Steensel and Belmont, 2017) and nucleolus-associated domains, including pericentric heterochromatin, which is often found at the chromocenters in mouse cells (Guenatri et al, 2004; Németh et al, 2010). At the most global level, chromatin is organized into cell type–specific chromosome territories, a spatial map within the interphase nucleus (Meaburn and Misteli, 2007; Fritz et al, 2019)
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