Strategic alternatives for Saudi foreign policy. Comparative analysis of Riyadh's relations with Washington, Beijing and Moscow

Abstract

The foreign policy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has undergone significant changes since Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MBS) became the de facto head of state. Riyadh has begun to pursue a proactive policy at the regional level, while at the global level, Saudi Arabia is pursuing a policy of balancing, as it is afraid of being drawn into the struggle of the great powers. Simultaneously, the KSA is striving to diversify its external relations, preparing for the planned reduction of the American presence in the Middle East and the Gulf. The article focuses on whether the rapprochement of the KSA with China and Russia can become an alternative to the strategic alliance of the kingdom with the United States. The author aims to analyze the peculiarities of relations of the kingdom with each of the powers and to identify trends in their further development. The article analyzes cooperation on security issues and economic cooperation. It concludes that the KSA is still interested in maintaining and developing strategic relations with the United States, which remains its key ally and an important economic partner. Relations with China, which has become the main trading partner, are built according to the «economy plus» formula, which suggests gradual development of political ties. Russia is important as a partner in the energy market within the OPEC+ format, and can also help resolve several regional crises. A comparative analysis of Saudi Arabia's relations with the United States, China and the Russian Federation shows that in the medium term there is no alternative for Riyadh but to maintain and develop relations with Washington.