Strain compensation lattice engineering with low ionic potential modulates V -band center up-shifting to accelerate kinetics for high performance Na3V2(PO4)3

Heat capacities, thermal conductivities and melting points of several condensed phosphates, both in crystalline and vitreous states, were measured. The effects of cations on the thermal properties were discussed in connection with structural characteristics of the phosphates.The heat capacity C50 per gram formula weight at 50°C of vitreous phosphate with the chemical formula xMmOn⋅(1-x) P2O5 could be expressed by an empirical equation C50=Ax+B(1-x). Coefficients A and B in the equation were between 7 and 16 and between 28 and 38, respectively, depending on the systems investigated.The gram-atomic heat capacity was lower for vitreous metaphosphate containing cation with high ionic potential than for that containing cation with low ionic potential. The heat capacity of metaphosphate seemed to be determined by a function of two characteristic temperatures which were related to the vibrations of cations and macroanions, respectively. A reasonable assumption is as follows:The characteristic temperature related to the macroanions does not change significantly with the change of cation in the metaphosphates. The macroanion skeletons are bound together more tightly by cations with higher ionic potential than by the cations with lower ionic potential. Therefore the characteristic temperature related to a cation with higher ionic potential is higher. The dependence of the gram-atomic heat capacity on the ionic potential of cation can be explained by the difference in cation-skeleton interaction, or, in other words, by the difference in the characteristic temperature related to cation.Both thermal conductivity of the vitreous metaphosphate and melting point of the crystalline metaphosphate increased with an increase of ionic potential of cation in the phosphates. This also can be explained in terms of the change of interaction between macroanions through cations.

Standard texts dutifully list 16 essential elements for plant growth, yet the literature indicates that the boundary between essential and nonessential nutrients for plants is not always clear. When animals and 'lower' organisms are considered, the team of 16 is considerably expanded and the notion of essentiality is blurred. Why are some elements more important than others to plants and to organisms in general? Here I propose three criteria by which elements might have been selected in the development of organisms: low atomic weight, at least modest abundance, and ease of assembly into complex structures. Assembly of the structural elements C, N, S, P, and O is based on valency and ionic potential. The selection of monovalent elements (bar H^+^) and divalent elements (bar O2^-^) involves a trade-off between low atomic mass and low ionic potential. The essentiality of Mo and non-essentiality of As remain a problem for this model. This conceptual framework provides a basis for re-evaluating the function of an element in the nutrition of plants, animals and 'lower' organisms.

An Interdisciplinary Perspective from the Earth Scientist’s Periodic Table: Similarity and Connection between Geochemistry and Metallurgy

Comparative study of the band-offset ratio of conventionally strained and strain-compensated InGaAs/GaAs QW lasers

The CaF2 effect on the liquidus temperature, electrical conductivity and alumina solubility in the potassium-sodium and potassium-lithium cryolite melts with cryolite ratio (CR = (nKF+nMF)/nAlF3, M = Li, Na) 1.3 was studied. The liquidus temperature in the quisi-binary system [KF-LiF-AlF3]-CaF2 changes with the same manner as in the [KF-NaF-AlF3]-CaF2. The electrical conductivity in the KF-NaF-AlF3-CaF2 melt decreases with increasing the CaF2 content, but it slightly raises with the first small addition of CaF2 into the KF-LiF-AlF3-CaF2 melts, enriched with KF, which was explained by the increased K+ ions mobility due to their relatively low ionic potential. The contribution of the Li+ cations in conductivity of the KF-LiF-AlF3-CaF2 electrolyte is not noteworthy. The Al2O3 solubility in the KF-NaF-AlF3 electrolyte rises with the increasing KF content, but the opposite tendency is observed in the cryolite mixtures containing CaF2. The insoluble compounds - KCaAl2F9 or KCaF3 - formed in the molten mixtures containing potassium and calcium ions endorse the increase of the liquidus temperature. The calcium fluoride effect on the side ledge formation in the electrolytic cell during low-temperature aluminum electrolysis is discussed.

Chapter 4 - Barium in the Ocean

Lattice doping of Zn boosts oxygen vacancies in Co3O4 Nanocages: Improving persulfate activation via forming Surface-Activated complex

Unconsolidated surface soil and dust samples of varying trace element (TE) content were collected from remote locations in central and south-eastern Australia. The finer grained fraction of the samples (<10 µm, PM10) was separated and geochemically compared to the parent particulate matter (PMPAR). TE are mostly hosted in phosphates and oxides/hydroxides or adsorbed to clay minerals, and are normally fractionated into the PM10, producing PM10/PMPAR ratios >1, especially in siliceous, TE-depleted dusts. In contrast, samples TE-enriched by primary silicate minerals eroded from igneous and metamorphic rocks can produce PM10/PMPAR <1 for more mobile elements such as K, Na, Ba, Rb, and Sr. K/Rb is normally lower in PM10 (unless the PMPAR is muscovite-rich) as is the light/heavy rare earth elements (LREE/HREE) ratio because both Rb and HREE are preferentially adsorbed by fine clay particles. Zr and Hf are mostly hosted by zircon crystals initially >10 µm but these diminish in size with time and sedimentological transport so that PM10 aerosol concentrations of these elements are typically telescoped into a narrower range than the PMPAR. Nb is strongly fractionated into PM10, with Nb/TiO2 ratios characteristic of the durable host mineral rutile in all but the most TE-enriched PM. TE content of PM10 in continental dusts is controlled by both physical and chemical processes. Fresh primary silicates suppress PM10/PMPAR ratios of TE with low ionic potential, whereas the opposite effect is induced by hydraulic sorting and/or physical attrition during surface transport, as well as clay absorbtion and fixation of TE in small, resistant accessory minerals.

High concentrations of caesium occur in the New Red Sandstone of Devon, England. Values are most abundant in breccias at the base of the Permian and decrease upwards through the sandstones and marls. Caesium resides in the clay fraction (<2 μm) where it reaches 468 ppm in Watcombe breccia, 146 ppm in Exmouth mudstone and 35 ppm in Triassic Otter sandstone. Credition Trough values attain 108 ppm in the Cadbury breccia. Extensive volcanic activity on the south eastern edge of the Cornubian Massif provided a supply of Cs. Due to its low ionic potential, this alkali was concentrated at source under extreme weathering in the hydrolysate fraction of red bed sediments. The source area was largely exhausted by late Permian, reflected by a reduction in Cs content of New Red Sandstone detritus.

Surface complexation reactions of inorganic anions on hydrotalcite-like compounds

Analysis of 34 bauxite-laterite and 11 precursor granitic gneiss samples, from Paduvari plateau, fer alkali and alkaline earth elements has revealed: (1) the strong depletion of laterites/bauxites in Ca, Na, K, Sr, Li and Rb, with a reduction in Ca by 124 times, Na and K by 55 times, Sr by 38 times, Li and Rb by 7½-8 times, (2) low mobility of Mg and Be to result in a depletion of only 2½ times, (3) the lack of significant or systematic variation in the content of these elements in the laterite-bauxite profile and (4) the retention of Na: K and Li : Rb ratios of the precursor gneiss in the laterite/ bauxite. The study substantiates the general observation that alkali and alkaline earth elements with their low ionic potential (except Be) are thoroughly leached during lateritization.

Theoretical study on electronic structure and optical properties of novel donor–acceptor conjugated copolymers derived from benzothiadiazole and benzoselenadiazole

Strain effects on highly strained InAsP/InGaP multi-quantum well structures grown by MOVPE using TBAs and TBP

Reducing atmosphere ash fusion temperatures of a mixture of coal-associated minerals — The effect of inorganic additives and ashing temperature

Decision letter: Promoter sequence and architecture determine expression variability and confer robustness to genetic variants