Storage of charge carriers on emitter molecules in organic light-emitting diodes

Abstract

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using the red phosphorescent emitter iridium(III)bis(2-methyldibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline) (acetylacetonate) [$\mathrm{Ir}{(\mathrm{MDQ})}_{2}(\mathrm{acac})$] are studied by time-resolved electroluminescence measurements. A transient overshoot after voltage turn-off is found, which is attributed to electron accumulation on $\mathrm{Ir}{(\mathrm{MDQ})}_{2}(\mathrm{acac})$ molecules. The mechanism is verified via impedance spectroscopy and by application of positive and negative off-voltages. We calculate the density of accumulated electrons and find that it scales linearly with the doping concentration of the emitter. Using thin quenching layers, we locate the position of the emission zone during normal OLED operation and after voltage turn-off. In addition, the transient overshoot is also observed in three-color white-emitting OLEDs. By time- and spectrally resolved measurements using a streak camera, we directly attribute the overshoot to electron accumulation on $\mathrm{Ir}{(\mathrm{MDQ})}_{2}(\mathrm{acac})$. We propose that similar processes are present in many state-of-the-art OLEDs and believe that the quantification of charge carrier storage will help to improve the efficiency of OLEDs.