Stonehenge: the Monument and the Mindset that Built It

This paper deals with investment incentives and develops earlier work done by Marlow, which examined the factors expected to be relevant to shipping investment decisions in the U.K. using standard econometric techniques. It reviews Marlow's model and extends the time-frame to the present day. By respecifying the dependent variable as the gross investment rate; allowing for the possibility that the impact of investment decisions may be lagged and by introducing changes in world conditions rather than their levels, the results changes significantly, with a distinct and positive relationship between incentives and new investment in ships.

This paper addresses the renewed interest in on-orbit spacecraft servicing (OSS), and how it fits into the evolution of space applications for intelligent robots. Investment in the development of space robotics and associated technologies is growing as nations recognize that it is a critical component of the exploration and commercial development of space. At the same time, changes in world conditions have generated a renewal of the interest in OSS. This is reflected in the level of activity in the U.S., Japan and Europe in the form of studies and technology demonstration programs. OSS is becoming widely accepted as an opportunity in the evolution of space robotics applications. Importantly, it is a feasible proposition with current technologies and the direction of ongoing research and development activities. Interest in OSS dates back more than two decades, and several programs have been initiated, but no operational system has come on line, arguably with the Shuttle as the exception. With new opportunities arising, however, a fresh look at the feasibility of OSS is warranted. This involves the resolution of complex market, technical and political issues, through market studies, economic analyses, mission requirement definitions, trade studies, concept designs and technology demonstrations. System architectures for OSS are strongly dependent on target spacecraft design and launch delivery systems. Performance and cost factors are currently forcing significant changes in these areas. This presents both challenges and opportunities in the provision of OSS services. In conclusion, there is no question OSS will become a reality, but only when the technical feasibility is combined with either economic viability or political will. In the evolution of space robotics satellite servicing can become the next step towards its eventual role in support of planetary exploration and human beings' journey out into the universe.

Britain's international involvement has not been diminished by the loss of Empire; but it has altered drastically, in response both to reduced circumstances and to fundamental changes in world conditions. The transition has been made less difficult by the moderation and good sense of Commonwealth partners. It cannot be said to be complete until Britain has found a more satisfactory basis for a productive role within the enlarged EU, an indispensable element in the management of global interdependence. Among the arguments advanced in this article is that Britain's international involvement is not a matter of external policies and priorities alone. It is a function of the soundness of its economy and the strength of its national cohesion.

Curriculum development is closely related to changes in world conditions because education will always lead to more profitable results for both teachers and students. The aim of the research was to determine the level of understanding of PGMI STAI Jam'iyah Mahmudiyah students regarding the independent learning curriculum. The type of research used is quantitative research. The data collection method used is indirect communication techniques. The data collection tool used is based on the selected data collection technique, namely a questionnaire. Collecting information through distributing questionnaires containing questionnaires to respondents. The hypothesis t test technique was carried out using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) data processor version 22 for Windows. The results of the research show that based on the data obtained, it can be seen that the level of significance is 0.001 < 0.05 through paired sample t-test analysis. It can be used to predict the influence of variable implementation of the independent learning curriculum).

A report on the activities of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) under the United Nations expanded program of technical assistance for 1953–1954 stated that the funds available to FAO under the program fell from $6,049,000 in 1953 to $5,536,000 in 1954, and that the decision to increase the working capital and reserve fund of the technical assistance program had had the effect of lessening current available funds. While certain projects planned for 1953–1954 had had to be reduced in scope or postponed because of financial limitations and changes in world conditions, the quality and efficiency of FAO's technical assistance activities had improved, the report stated. Virtually no unspent balance of technical assistance funds had remained at the end of 1953, and it was unlikely that there would be any unspent balance at the end of 1954; in itself, the report stated, this was an indication that more activities desired by governments could be undertaken, were adequate resources available. In planning its 1954 program, FAO had continued its practice, endorsed by the Technical Assistance Board, of preparing country programs at the country level, in consultation with the governments concerned, and the system had been further developed in planning the 1955 program. The FAO technical staff, it was reported, had played a large role in the field of program evaluation, as well as planning and supervision.

ffective environmental protection requires both formulation of rules and policy commitments that encourage behavior improving envi JL?^ronmental quality and implementation of what is agreed. Either by itself will not suffice: complete implementation of poorly conceived rules and policies yields little or no environmental benefit, while fitful action vitiates the effect of well-formulated directives. Thus, securing effective environmental protection requires development of institutional mecha nisms to identify weaknesses in implementation by encouraging better ef forts, reviewing how well the rules and policy commitments are actually serving the overall goal of environmental protection, and revising to im prove them. The international conditions?both systemwide and sectoral or issue specific?that affect the success of international cooperation and the shape of intergovernmental organizations have been the subject of a growing body of scholarly literature. The continuing decentralization of governance in the international system, best symbolized in the principle of state sovereignty, establishes the need for cooperation. The ecological, infor mational, and economic interconnections among states create incentives for cooperation. And the strong deference accorded to scientific modes of reasoning in comprehending environmental problems provides a common language for discussing them.1 The ease of obtaining cooperation and the exact form it takes depend heavily on sectoral or issue-specific conditions?the nature of the cooper ation required (in particular, coordination or collaboration); the shape of the distributions of gains and losses accruing to individual actors involved in the cooperative effort; the number and types of actors involved; the available information about preferences, behavior, and relevant world con ditions; and the relative rate of change in world conditions. All these con ditions influence when cooperation will be attempted and what institu tional forms will be adopted to help maintain it.2 Several experienced policymakers and scholarly observers have advo cated creating a single global environmental organization to address every environmental issue through all phases of the policy process.3 Their pro posals have not yet won broad support, however. Several factors account for

Saving cash is one of the company’s precautionary motives. The Covid-19 pandemic has increased liquidity risk and more companies are experiencing financial difficulties. The cash holdings during the Covid-19 pandemic shows the company's resilience. This research aims to determine the state of cash-driven resilience and cash holdings of companies in Indonesia which are influenced by return on assets, profit margin, and productivity of assets, liquidity, leverage and firm size. The research was to observe the changes in cash-driven resilience, driven by changes in world conditions before the pandemic in 2018 and 2019, and during the pandemic in 2020 and 2021. This research uses purposive sampling technique on manufacturing companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Hypotheses are analyzed using data regression models in Eviews 12. The research results are intended to help management determine the company's resilience and optimal level of cash holdings. This research found that there was no difference in CDR before and during Covid-19. There are differences between PA and LIQ variables on CDR but not on ROA, PM and LEV. The study also shows that there is no influence of ROA, PM, and LEV on CASH. Meanwhile PA, LIQ, and SIZE have positive effects on CASH. Keywords: Cash-Driven Resilience, Covid-19, Cash Holdings, and Financial Performance

With over a thousand of years of historical heritage, Iran has always been among the greatest civilizations in the history. The early pre–Islamic architecture of Iran has represented the identity of Iranian people through the times. Furthermore, after the emergence and spread of Islam in Iran, the Iranian architecture has continued to maintain its well-established historical values. However, since the reign of Qajaryan dynasty in Iran, which was coincided with the Renaissance period in Europe, Iranian architecture has gradually been declined and has lost its links with its glorious days. Advances in modern technology and sciences and rapid changes in the world conditions have also caused a further separation of the Iranian nation from their past glorious roots. As a result, the modern architecture in Iran hardly includes and reflects signs of its past civilization. The present study aims to provide a solution to the problem so that the cultural and historical roots of Iranian architecture can be maintained and reflected in modern structures. In this study, a concept to case methodology has been proposed using discursive practices. For this purpose, the concept of »identity« has first been identified, and then the way to combine the Iranian and Islamic architectural atmospheres has been discussed. After that, some examples for the implementation of combined Iranian – Islamic architecture in Iran have been provided. Finally, some enduring principles of the Iranian architecture for the design of the current Iranian architecture have been extracted. These principles are the persistent values which have existed in architecture of Iran. Thus, based on the results of this paper, Taking inspiration from authentic and sustainable patterns of Iranian architecture and modern expression of them using creativity and skill, is the best way for reflecting the identity in contemporary architecture of this land.

Since the 1980s, India has pursued a strategic policy of going east, which was upgraded to going east in the 2014 Action policy. Through these strategies, India's economy and overall national strength have increased through the progress of time and changes in world conditions. And in this, there are also a lot of difficulties and obstacles. Since pioneering economic reforms in the 1990s, India has come a long way from being a poor former British colony to a giant among emerging economies. For now, Modi's government is firmly in power and the economy is still growing at a decent rate despite the impact of inflation. So, the Modi government is expected to seize the opportunity to make a big push for its vision. However, the challenges should not be ignored. The risks will arise as it changes the shape of India's economy and its industrial structure in many ways. With the change of policy, India's attitude and relations with other countries, especially those around India, have also changed significantly. At the same time, the differences between the traditional Indian regime and the current economic system can also cause problems when it comes to policy evaluation since Indian laws and policies have inherited the British system. These British Rules also make it difficult for India to implement the new policy. This paper studies the policy development background of India in the past 40 years, analyzes India's policies in different periods to judge and put forward opinions and then puts forward possible suggestions.

IN a somber speech to the Diet in January 1972, Prime Minister Sato declared that “drastic changes in world conditions” during 1971 had “put Japan in a difficult international situation.” A sense of “uneasiness and “irritation” were “pervasive among the Japanese people.” Given Sato’s normal reserve, this had to be counted as a blunt, emotional statement.

IN the past, an important source of British influence and prestige has been the large number of British engineers occupying responsible positions in all parts of the world. One serious result of the many changes in world conditions since the Great War is that the position of the British engineer abroad is no longer what it was. The development of technical education in the Dominions and in India now enables these countries to dispense almost entirely with engineers from Great Britain to undertake ordinary engineering work, and from similar and other causes, including nationalistic pride, the openings in the United States, South America, Egypt and other States have been very greatly restricted. Young Argentine engineers, educated in Europe, now occupy responsible positions in their own country, which is developing very rapidly on the industrial side. In the Argentine, also, no engineer is allowed to practise on his own account unless he has graduated in, or has had his foreign qualifications revalidated by, an Argentine university: for this a very high fee is charged.

The confessions of a neoclassical realistIn 1972, Hedley Bull wrote that ‘the sources of facile optimism and narrow moralism never dry up, and the lessons of the “realists” have to be learnt afresh by every new generation.‘ He proceeded to claim, with undue emphasis, that ‘in terms of the academic study of international relations, the stream of thinking and writing that began with Niebuhr and Carr has long run its course.’ The scholarly problems with classical realist theory are indeed severe. However, it would be a most grievous error to consign such theory to the bin marked ‘yesterday's solutions for yesterday's problems.’ If the academic study of international relations can find little save period-piece interest in the ideas of the classical realists, that is more a comment upon the competence of scholarship today than upon any change in world conditions.

Many expert systems are constructed from and allied with a large collection of databases that are continually being updated. The authors address the issues of how such a knowledge base can be constructed using tools that search the databases for significant, unexpected correlations and present them to the knowledge engineer for review. Once a knowledge base has been constructed, there is the problem of keeping it consistent with changing conditions in the real world. Concepts which are embodied in the data may drift in time, and so some mechanism for updating the knowledge base must be developed. As it would prove too costly to periodically revisit the knowledge acquisition phase, the authors propose to monitor the domain database automatically for significant concept change. >

Seitz and T?Ždter argue, counter to Svensson, that the P* model provides a rationale for money-growth targeting. In particular, they argue that ‘money growth targeting is a special form of inflation forecast targeting based on a “limited” information set. In contrast to “full information” inflation forecast targeting, money growth targeting is likely to be more robust under changing conditions of the real world‘. However, money-growth targeting is better described as a special case of inflation targeting, namely when money growth is considered to be the only predictor of future inflation. But there is overwhelming empirical evidence that there are not only other, but also better, predictors of future inflation than money growth, which makes inflation-forecast targeting superior to money-growth targeting. Inflation-forecast targeting is indeed more robust (in the sense of using available information and allowing judgemental adjustments in a flexible way) than monetary targeting. In particular, in the P* model, the real money gap is a better predictor of future inflation than money growth, as demonstrated theoretically by Svensson and empirically by Gerlach and Svensson (the empirical finding is also confirmed by Trecroci and Vega). Therefore, inflation-forecast targeting is superior also within the P* model. Under `changing conditions of the real world’, for instance after the formation of a monetary union, money growth is likely to be particularly unreliable as a predictor of future inflation, making monetary targeting especially unsuitable and non-robust.

The article is devoted theoretical questions of the text’s semantics and specific features of fairy tales’ semantics on which basis the semantic model of the person’s behaviour in changing conditions of an external world. In an empirical part of the article means, subject receptions and expression forms of versatile values which formed a semantic model of the person’s behaviour in changing conditions of an external world are described.