Abstract
Due in part to an increasing population and climatic change, fresh water demand is rapidly outpacing fresh water supply. In Australia desalination plants are already used to obtain fresh water from brackish water and seawater, but they have high energy requirements. Solar collectors could provide power, but solar irradiance is variable and desalination plants work most efficiently with constant power. We model a system of photovoltaic arrays and storage batteries. Daily solar intensity and water demand are stochastic. A stochastic linear program finds the optimal blend of water from available sources---groundwater, desalination and stormwater---to meet daily demand. The optimal use of a given size of solar irradiance collection system is found by stochastic dynamic programming. Long term net benefits are obtained as a function of the system size. References C. Koroneos, A. Dompros, and G. Roumbas. Renewable energy driven desalination systems modelling. Journal of Cleaner Production , 15 (5):449--464, 2007. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.07.017 . B. S. Richards and A. I. Schafer. Photovoltaic-powered desalination system for remote {A}ustralian communities. Renewable Energy , 28 (13):2013--2022, 2003. doi:10.1016/S0960-1481(03)00081-8 . H. E. S. Fath, F. M. El-Shall, G. Vogt, and U. Seibert. A stand alone complex for the production of water, food, electrical power and salts for the sustainable development of small communities in remote areas. Desalination , 183:13--22, 2005. doi:10.1016 . R. A. Howard. Dynamic programming and Markov processes . The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1960. M. Kaleta, W. Ogryczak, E. Toczylowski, and I. Zoltowska. On multiple criteria decision support for suppliers on the competitive electric power market. Annals of Operations Research , 121 (1--4):79--104, 2003. doi:10.1023/A:1023351118725 . P. A. Koklas and S. A. Papathanassiou. Component sizing for an autonomous wind-driven desalination plant. Renewable Energy , 31 (13):2122--2139, 2006. doi:10.1016 .
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