Abstract
A normal human heart rate shows complex fluctuations in time, which is natural, because the heart rate is controlled by a large number of different feedback control loops. These unpredictable fluctuations have been shown to display fractal dynamics, long-term correlations, and 1/f noise. These characterizations are statistical and they have been widely studied and used, but much less is known about the detailed time evolution (dynamics) of the heart-rate control mechanism. Here we show that a simple one-dimensional Langevin-type stochastic difference equation can accurately model the heart-rate fluctuations in a time scale from minutes to hours. The model consists of a deterministic nonlinear part and a stochastic part typical to Gaussian noise, and both parts can be directly determined from the measured heart-rate data. Studies of 27 healthy subjects reveal that in most cases, the deterministic part has a form typically seen in bistable systems: there are two stable fixed points and one unstable one.
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