Stigma Next Door: Discrimination Against Public Housing Residents and Their Neighborhood Perceptions and Attitudes

This study asks how a social mix policy that mixes public housing with private housing in the same housing complex is associated with residential satisfaction among public housing residents in Korea. We also ask if mixture types between public and private housing make a difference in the residential satisfaction of public housing residents. By analyzing the 2011 Korea Housing Survey for Public Housing Residents, we find that living in the independent type that includes only public housing and the random-mix type that randomly mixes public housing with private housing in the same building is positively related to residential satisfaction among public housing residents. The empirical analysis also shows that the levels of social conflict among residents are the lowest in the random-mix type.

Impacts of the built environment on activity-travel behavior: Are there differences between public and private housing residents in Hong Kong?

Daily activity space and exposure: A comparative study of Hong Kong's public and private housing residents' segregation in daily life

Housing supply systems have a close relationship to the characteristics of residents, especially in the sub-market of public housing. This is because there are strict regulations for applicants for public housing, and local governments mainly select tenants in regard to their income conditions. Public housing is mainly supplied by local government in order to assist lower income households. Their construction is aided by the national government in order to resolve serious housing shortages and to perform a welfare service. Recently a serious problem has occurred in public housing. This is the aging of buildings and of residents.In this study, the author tries to clarify the characteristics of residents in public housing. The characteristics of residents in public housing were analyzed by using the National Census. Is it true that housing policy gives rise to social segregation in the city? The study area is Osaka city because the ratio of public housing in Osaka city is the highest in any Japanese metropolis. And the city has large stock of public housing. Because Osaka city is famous as an early industrialized city, local government provided for a lot of migcrant people in order to resolve the lack of workers' houses. The results are summarized as follows;The residents in public housing consisted of younger households in 1970. But in 1990, the compositions of residents' age and family size were completely different. Terrible aging occurred in some old public housing. The rates of elderly families and single or 2 person (almost all elderly couples) households increased in public housing in the inner built-up area. The same phenomenon has been observed in the cases of built-up areas of Hiroshima city and Koto ward in Tokyo. The causes of aging in public housing may be summarized as follows. Firstly, many residents in public housing were long stayers. When their children grew up, many of them moved out of their parents' homes because the public houses were too small to live together in. Therefore only the aged parents were left behind, since public housing is large enough for a couple or individual to live in, and is cheap to rent.Secondly, for welfare purposes, the Public Housing Act gives priority to lower income households. In accordance with the Act, the public housing department offers accommodation to lower income households, which contain younger households, elderly and handicapped people. Consequently serious and rapid aging occurred in some public housing. Thus the Public Housing Act induced the aging of residents. This mechanism is called “the housing trap”. An extraordinary aging of residents appeared in some public housing. In the near future, aging in public housing will become more serious because there are a lot of upper-middle aged people. One solution is the reconstruction of old public housing stock, since there is some evidence that there are many younger households in reconstructed public housing in inner city.

Federal rental assistance programs, in the form of the traditional public housing program and the Housing Choice Voucher Program (HCVP-formerly known as Section 8), are designed to reduce the economic rental burden for low-income residents. While residents using federal housing vouchers, which allow low-income residents in public housing to move out of public housing to rent-subsidized homes, have been found to be have better cardiovascular outcomes compared to the cardiovascular outcomes of low-income public housing residents, the mechanisms explaining these associations remains an understudied area. The aim of this study is to assess whether residents participating in HCVP or unassisted residents had greater access to healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables, and less access to unhealthy foods such as fast food and sugar sweetened beverages, when compared to residents living in public housing (referent group). The Affordable Housing as an Obesity Mediating Environment (AHOME) study is a cross-sectional study of Latinos residing in low-income housing in the Bronx, NY (n=362). Participants were interviewed to assess food patterns and perceptions of neighborhood environment. The analytic sample was primarily female (74.5%) with a mean age of 46.4years (SD=14.68). Residents participating in HCVP had similar availability of fruits and vegetables in the home compared to residents receiving no assistance or public housing residents. HCVP participants consumed more fast food (β=0.34; CI=0.10-0.58) but had similar sugar sweetened beverage consumption compared to public housing residents. Unassisted residents had more fast food consumption (β=0.25; CI=0.01-0.49) but less sugar sweetened beverage consumption (β=-0.52; CI=-0.76--0.28) than public housing residents. Perceptions of neighborhood food environment were not significantly associated with dietary patterns. This study shows variability in consumption of sugar sweetened beverage consumption and fast food consumption, but not in availability of fruits and vegetables, across residents participating in HCVP, public housing residents, and unassisted residents. Evaluating the health benefits associated with low-income housing mobility programs, such as HCVP, requires examining how housing may influence dietary patterns above and beyond an individual's socioeconomic position.

What Do Public Housing Residents Think About Their Health? Deborah J. Bowen, PhD , Tracy A Battaglia, MD, MPH , Samantha S. Murrell, MPH , SarahG. Bhosrekar, MPH , Sarah E. Caron, MPH , Eugenia Smith, Gerry Thomas, MPH , Jo-Anna Rorie, CNM, MSN, MPH , Laura M. Maetschke, and Rachel Goodman What is the Purpose of This Study ? • In this study, we were interested in learning more about the health issues and concerns of residents of public housing. We also wanted to learn about the barriers and challenges to health improvement that public housing residents face. • We used two different methods of collecting data to learn more about differences and similarities in perspective and viewpoint of “key informants” like resident leaders and a large sample of residents who took part in a survey about health. • We wanted to know how environmental characteristics of public housing developments impacted the concerns that residents had about their health. What is the Problem ? • As a group, people who live in public housing have more health problems and worse overall health than people with similar resources who do not live in public housing. • Residents of public housing face important barriers to opportunities for health improvement and chronic disease prevention. • Involvement in the solutions for those barriers is important for residents of public housing and for researchers. What are the Findings ? • The health concerns of public housing residents are effected by environmental characteristics of public housing developments, such as development size, percentage of Spanish speaking residents and whether or not there is a Tenant Task Force. (A Tenant Task Force is an elected group of residents representing the concerns of residents in a specific development. • The formal and informal leaders of housing developments often identified a lack of community engagement as a barrier to resident health and resident participation in programs and opportunities for health improvement. However, they felt that this challenge could be overcome and saw engaging residents as part of their role. • Residents of public housing who completed a survey about health thought about challenges and barriers to health differently than leadership. Though leadership saw the lack of community engagement as a key problem, residents often thought of health problems as related to individual-level concerns, such as not having enough money. • Leadership also felt that many public housing residents have little knowledge about their health, and about the relationship between risk behaviors (for example smoking) and development of disease. This gap might make disease prevention in general a low priority. • Residents of public housing often identified safety as their most important health concern; leaders were less likely than residents to identify safety as a major concern. [End Page 27] • There was a great diversity of health related issues and concerns that need to be addressed from both leaders and residents. • Two methods of collecting data (talking with 6–8 “key” people per development and conducting a large survey of residents) gave us two different and important perspectives. Looking at the differences and similarities between the data yielded important information. Who Should Care Most ? • Residents of public housing. • Tenant Task Forces and other leaders in public housing developments. • Policy makers, city planners and housing authorities interested in environmental factors that impact the health of public housing residents. • Public health and other professionals planning health promotion programs and health improvement opportunities with residents of public housing. Recommendations for Action • Future research, programs and policies should involve residents of public housing in identifying the health issues of importance to themselves and their communities. • Health promotion programs aimed at residents of public housing should take place in the housing development, be consistent (and be careful to inform residents of the reasoning behind changes and endings, if funding or other considerations necessitate change) and have sufficient resources to provide incentives to participating residents. • Health promotion programs should begin by increasing awareness of the health issues driving chronic disease, rather than simply offering programs to address the behaviors that may increase one’s risk of developing disease. • Due to the diversity of health issues, policymakers and others should consider a systems approach, rather than focusing on a single disease. • People planning health-related programs in public housing are strongly urged to consider safety as...

Housing supply systems have a close relationship to the characteristics of residents, especially in the sub-market of public housing. Because there are strict regulations for applicants for public housing, local government mainly select tenants in regard to their income conditions. In Japan, public housing owned by municipal and prefectural governments in generally supplied for households which cannot afford to buy or rent their houses in private housing market. Japanese public housing consists of three types; Type 1 house for lower income households, Type 2 for the lowest income households (lower than Type 1) and Type 3 for households which have been displaced from redevelopment areas located in poor quality residential areas.This paper aims to examine the change in characteristics of residents in public housing and to clarify the cause of this transformation process. For the former aim, the author used the age data from the National Census in 1970 and 1990, and for the latter aim, the author attempted to outline mechanisms responsible for the changing characteristics of residents. The study area is Koto ward in the Tokyo metropolitan area which is adjacent to the eastern part of CBD. It contains the second largest stock of public housing in the 23 wards of Tokyo. And there are many smaller factories and workshops, therefore the land use pattern is a mix of factories and workers' residential areas. After the mid-1950s', the local government in Koto ward supplied a large amount of public houses for many young households to cope with the serious housing shortage. The results may be summarized as follows.Many younger households, with householders younger than 39 years old and children under 9, resided in public housing in 1970. But in 1990, the age structures of residents in public housing showed a different pattern. An extraordinary aging of residents appeared in some public housing. The same phenomenon has been observed in the case of the non suburban built-up areas of Hiroshima city except for the suburban area. Older people without their own transportation tend to avoid inconvenient suburban public housing. In the case of Koto ward, spatial differentiation of aging in public housing has not appeared because the study area is too small to research spatial differentiation and has the homogeneous characteristics of the inner city.The causes of aging in public housing may be summarized as follows. First, may residents in public housing were long stayers. When their children grew up and took employment, many of them moved out of their parents' homes because the houses were too small to live together in. Therefore the size of household decreased, only the aged parents were left behind, since public housing is large enough for a couple or individual to live in, and is cheap to rent. The ratio of aging increased as the result of the increase in aged parents and the decrease in younger people.Secondly, for welfare purposes, the Public Housing Act gives priority to lower income households. In accordance with the Act, the public housing department offers accommodation to lower income households, which contain many younger households, older and handicapped people. Most of them stay for long periods except for younger people and some of the older people who were allowed to move into vacant public housing for welfare purposes. Consequently serious and rapid aging occurred in some public housing. Thus the Public Housing Act induced the aging of residents. This mechanism is called “the housing trap”.The aging in public housing has caused the accumulation of a specific social class which need welfare services. It is important to point out such serious aging in public housing and clarify its mechanism in order to resolve this social problem.

Housing stability and diabetes among people living in New York city public housing.

African-Americans experience considerable mental healthcare disparities in the United States, but little is known about sensitive subgroups within this population. To better understand healthcare disparities within African-Americans communities, we characterized anxiety, mood, and substance use disorder prevalence and associated service utilization among public and non-public housing residents. We used data from a nationally representative sample of African-Americans recruited as part of the National Survey of American Life. In public housing residents, the 12-month prevalence of anxiety disorders was 1.8 times higher than in non-public housing residents (P = 0.002), mood disorders was 1.4 times higher (P = 0.189), and substance use disorders was 2.2 times higher (P = 0.031). Public housing remained associated with mental illness after controlling for sociodemographics and chronic illness. Public and non-public housing residents did not differ significantly in mental healthcare utilization, but utilization was low with 16-30% of public housing residents with a 12-month disorder receiving mental health assistance. A relatively high proportion of African-American public housing residents suffered from psychiatric disorders, and few received mental healthcare assistance, indicating that further work is needed to enhance utilization.

This paper sheds light on the relationship between the social and tenure mix in Paris between 1990 and 2010. Using two quantitative methods (cluster analysis and entropy indices) it explores the relationship between the social and tenure mix at the microscale. Although no statistical correlation was found, other relationships were discovered. First, the social mix is a function of the general characteristics of the neighbourhood or district. Second, social upgrading and homogenization began in the 1990s, and the ‘ideal’ social mix was a temporary phase before upper socio-professional groups became overrepresented. The growing availability and diversification of social housing has neither created a greater social mix nor slowed down social upgrading, either in general or for social housing in particular. Finally, the fact that there are different categories of social housing landlords nuances the outcomes of policies.

Previously published analyses showed that inequalities in mortality rates between residents of poor and wealthy neighborhoods in New York City (NYC) narrowed between 1990 and 2000, but these trends may have been influenced by population in-migration and gentrification. The NYC public housing population has been less subject to these population shifts than those in other NYC neighborhoods. We compared changes in mortality rates (MRs) from 1989-1991 to 1999-2001 among residents of NYC census blocks consisting entirely of public housing residences with residents of nonpublic housing low-income and higher-income blocks. Public housing and nonpublic housing low-income blocks were those in census block groups with > or =50% of residents living at <1.5 times the federal poverty level (FPL); nonpublic housing higher-income blocks were those in census block groups with <50% of residents living at <1.5 times the FPL. Information on deaths was obtained from NYC's vital registry, and US Census data were used for denominators. Age-standardized all-cause MRs in public housing, low-income, and higher-income residents decreased between the decades by 16%, 28%, and 22%, respectively. While mortality rate ratios between low-income and higher-income residents narrowed by 8%, the relative disparity between public housing and low-income residents widened by 21%. Diseases amenable to prevention including malignancies, diabetes, and chronic lung disease contributed to the increased overall mortality disparity between public housing and lower-income residents. These findings temper previous findings that inequalities in the health of poor and wealthier NYC neighborhood residents have narrowed. NYC public housing residents should be a high-priority population for efforts to reduce health disparities.

Governments worldwide have been striving to efficiently manage public rental housing. However, the stigma associated with public rental housing persists as a significant challenge. In response, the scattered-site public housing strategy has been introduced as an alternative to traditional large-scale rental housing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy in reducing the stigma within Seoul metropolitan city. The empirical analysis utilized 2019 Seoul Public Housing Occupant data and a binary logistic regression model. The main findings indicate that residents of scattered-site public housing experience significantly lower levels of stigmatization compared to residents of other public housing types. Notably, the stigmatization experienced by scattered-site public housing residents is lower not only compared to independent public housing residents but also to those in socially mixed public housing, which is typically advantageous for reducing stigmatization. This suggests that residents of scattered-site public housing are statistically more free from both external and internal stigmatization. In addition, a unique characteristic found only in scattered-site public housing is that as residents form closer relationships with their neighbors, they experience more stigmatization. This implies that as scattered-site public housing residents form closer relationships with their neighbors, their identity as public housing residents can become exposed, potentially leading to increased stigmatization.

Governments worldwide have been striving to efficiently manage public rental housing. However, the stigma associated with public rental housing persists as a significant challenge. In response, the scattered-site public housing strategy has been introduced as an alternative to traditional large-scale rental housing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy in reducing the stigma within Seoul metropolitan city. The empirical analysis utilized 2019 Seoul Public Housing Occupant data and a binary logistic regression model. The main findings indicate that residents of scattered-site public housing experience significantly lower levels of stigmatization compared to residents of other public housing types. Notably, the stigmatization experienced by scattered-site public housing residents is lower not only compared to independent public housing residents but also to those in socially mixed public housing, which is typically advantageous for reducing stigmatization. This suggests that residents of scattered-site public housing are statistically more free from both external and internal stigmatization. In addition, a unique characteristic found only in scattered-site public housing is that as residents form closer relationships with their neighbors, they experience more stigmatization. This implies that as scattered-site public housing residents form closer relationships with their neighbors, their identity as public housing residents can become exposed, potentially leading to increased stigmatization.

BackgroundGlobally, public housing is utilized to provide affordable housing for low-income households. Studies have shown an association between public housing and negative health outcomes. There is paucity of data pertaining to outpatient primary and tertiary healthcare resources utilization among public rental housing residents in Singapore.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed, involving patients under the care of SingHealth Regional Health System (SHRS) in Year 2012. Healthcare utilization outcomes evaluated included number of outpatient primary and specialist care clinic visits, emergency department visits and hospitalization in Year 2011. Multivariate logistical analyses were used to examine the association between public rental housing and healthcare utilization.ResultsOf 147,105 patients, 10,400 (7.1%) patients stayed in public rental housing. There were more elderly (54.8 ± 18.0 vs 49.8 ± 17.1, p < 0.001) and male patients [5279 (50.8%) vs 56,892 (41.6%), p < 0.001] residing in public rental housing. Co-morbidities such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia were more prevalent among public rental housing patients. (p < 0.05).After adjustment for covariates, public rental housing was not associated with frequent outpatient primary care clinic or specialist outpatient clinic attendances (p > 0.05). However, it was associated with increased number of emergency department visits (OR: 2.41, 95% CI: 2.12–2.74) and frequent hospitalization (OR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.33–1.83).ConclusionResiding in public rental housing was not associated with increased utilization of outpatient healthcare resources despite patients’ higher disease burden and frequency of emergency department visits and hospitalizations. Further research is required to elucidate their health seeking behaviours.

Reflecting the reality that 70% of Korea's population lives in apartment, many studies have been conducted on CPTED's perspective on crime in apartment, but crime and CPTED studies in public rental housing are very insufficient and CPTED certification is mainly applied to private construction apartment. Therefore, this study analyzes the perception and physical status of crime safety of residents of public rental housing and private apartments certified by the Korean Cpted Association, and seeks ways to prevent crime and reduce fear in public rental housing in the future. The study focused on field and drawing analysis (number of households, type and layout, outdoor space composition and facilities), questionnaire analysis(socio-demographic factors, psycho-behavioral factors, fear of crime factors, recognition of crime prevention environment, etc.), and crime analysis (5 major crimes). To summarize the research results, in the case of the physical environment, the mainstay of private apartments is the cascade structure, and the complex consists of various outdoor spaces and community facilities. On the other hand, the main building of public rental housing was a corridor-type structure, and the degree of facilities was somewhat insufficient compared to the size of the outdoor space, and there was a difference between underground parking lots and community facilities. From a socio-demographic point of view, public rental housing were the most inhabited by single-person households in their 20s, which was found to have high demand for housing for young single-person households due to the concentration of public institutions relocated to base national universities and innovative cities. From a psycho-behavioral point of view, public rental housing were most frequently selected as reasons for low life satisfaction, including unsafe environments from crime and apartment design, which is believed to reflect the fundamental problems of public housing. From the perspective of crime safety, private apartments had high satisfaction with the visibility and number of installations such as surveillance cameras and emergency bells, but public rental housing had low satisfaction or negative perceptions. In the comparison of overall crime awareness and fear of crime by type, apartment residents who received CPTED certification had high satisfaction and low fear. The high response that it will contribute to the expected effect of reducing fear of crime and the improvement of apartment brand value is believed to provide implications for the expansion of CPTED certification in the future. This study was conducted based on the survey, and it is factors by identifying the differences in resident perception by item and confirming the positive effect on CPTED. However, since statistical analysis according to variable factors is insufficient, subsequent studies will need to supplement this.