Steering the Nation? Drivers, Nationalism, and the Writing of History

The Sustainable Development Goals provide a spotlight on the need to provide water and sanitation and hygiene (WASH) for all individuals by 2030. Recent debates on ensuring equity and inclusion in WASH provision in the Global South have begun to explore the needs of excluded groups of individuals. Yet, the WASH needs of perimenopausal (PM) women, who are making the transition to menopause, are neglected. An ageing population, particularly in the Global South, raises the importance of meeting the wide-ranging WASH needs of increasing numbers of PM women. The WASH needs of PM women are hidden knowledge, known to, but not shared by, PM women with other people, nor recorded in literature. Hygiene practices are performed privately by PM women, behind closed doors. This study explores this new field of research and aims to provide recommendations to meet the WASH needs of PM women.Opening the doors to these needs warrants the use of adaptive, participative, feminist methodologies, placing PM women at the centre of the study to enable them to share their experiences. This research uses a six-stage case study methodology: a literature review, a phenomenological review, research design, case study selection, data collection, and data analysis. In the absence of literature on the WASH needs of PM women, a phenomenological review, using oral history narratives of PM women in the UK and USA, was used to set the research agenda. Oral history interviews, participatory mapping and PhotoVoice techniques complemented with ethnographic observations were used to identify the hidden WASH needs of PM women in two low-income urban communities in Accra and Kumasi, Ghana, where water and sanitation services are lacking. Hardware and software solutions for meeting PM women’s WASH needs were identified by environmental health professionals using a vignette method. Ultimately, after trialling NVivo software and theoretical models, a thematic approach was used to analyse the data.This research identified several WASH needs as crucial to PM women’s health. Bathing and laundry are important hygiene needs, but are neglected by the WASH sector. Effective menstrual hygiene management for PM women as well as adolescent girls, and related sanitation needs, warrants greater attention. This research contributes to recently emerging debates through identifying the incontinence needs of PM women. Drinking is an importantneed for good PM health. Whilst the WASH needs of PM women are new knowledge, they can be met through the adaptation of existing hardware and software WASH solutions.This research concludes that the hidden WASH needs of PM women require participatory techniques to reveal them. Relationships with certain people allow PM women to discuss and meet the WASH needs to a degree. PM symptoms vary in nature, between women and day to day. This research demonstrates that the WASH sector needs to become more attentive to bathing and laundry issues overall, learning from the needs of PM women.

近二十年来，华人世界出版了一系列不同主题、类型和价值偏向的回忆录，构成了对20世纪中国历史的复杂而多元的历史记忆，这些历史书写和历史记忆既充满了一种认同的竞争，同时也不乏互动，是华人社群构成自我理解和集体记忆极为重要的环节。因此，这些回忆录无论是对于研究20世纪中国史的历史学者，还是对于对了解这段历史感兴趣的普通读者来说，都是极有价值而值得认真予以辨析和讨论的。

the information provided onWilliam E.Myers and his role as chief ethnologist for theNorth American Indian project. It isunfortunate that, for reasons outlined in the introduction, we are not able to learnmore ofMyers's personal insightson theproject and on Native subjects in particular. Certainly no stranger to thismaterial, Gid leyhas mined a rich trove of letters,reports, magazine and newspaper articles, and other documents to craftan edited volume with po tential appeal fora diverse readership. In broad view, his selections, though of uneven length and content, affirmthe underlying humanism thatCurtis and otherprincipals brought to their study.They also underscore the contradictions inherentintheproject and itsprincipal architect, and in thisvein the limited commentary Gidley provides will likely leavemany readerswanting more. Also noteworthy istheuse ofphotographs. Placement of thephotographs togetheras a series rather than in chapter contexts, combined with their limited integration into theauthor's edito rialcomments, renders them more afterthought than central feature.Ultimately, it is the refined image ofCurtis the man? as prescient scholar photographer, superb outdoorsman, fearless traveler, quintessential westerner, and humanist ? that endures andmakes thisvolume worthy of attention. Women sOral History: The Frontiers Reader Edited by Susan H. Armitage, with Patricia Hart and Karen Weathermon University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 2002. Photographs, notes, index. 408 pages. $29.95 paper. Reviewed by Laura McCreery University ofCalifornia, Berkeley Some practitioners of oral history sub scribe to the notion of a thirty-yearrule. That is,theyhave come tobelieve ittakes about thirtyyears after a major historic event for society to look that event squarely in the eye. Any lesser span of time is somehow awkward; the aftermath of the event is too evident, the participants too raw, and public opinion too subjective. But leta fullgeneration pass, and the time fororal historybecomes ripe.Think of the civil rights advances of the 1960s or theheight of theVietnam War in the early 1970s. There's a certainmoment inWomen sOral History: The FrontiersReader when one realizes with fullforce that the researchmethod we call women's oral historynow meets the thirty-year test.Here is the anthology that recollects and deconstructs thatmoment, that fork in the road, when interviews on women's lives were pronounced distinctfrommen's. The assessment ofwhere things started and what has changed comes from key participants and witnesses in their own words, making the book a sort of meta-history ofwomen's oral research on the livesof otherwomen. Central to this longview is theessay "Reflec tions onWomen's Oral History," based on an electronic exchange between theanthology's lead editor, Susan H. Armitage, and Sherna Berger Gluck, both professors of history and women's studieswho have shaped thisconceptfrom itsin ception.The book consistsof reprints from issues of the women's studies journalFrontierspublished between 1977and 1998,alongwithArmitage's and Gluck's recent comments on the state of women's oral history. (The electronic discussion with one 338 OHQ vol. 105, no. 2 another isodd, though,forpeople who have built their careers on live conversations.) The big questions are familiar. What are the pros and cons ofbeing an insideror an outsider among those you interview? What are the con siderations before starting a project, and what are the responsibilities during and after?How can we best make allowances for cultural and language issues? Finally, as Armitage asks, "Is therereallya female subculture in all times and places, and does it really function as a defense againstmale dominance?" (p. 68) The treatment of some questions is thoughtful and routine, but thematter ofwomen's subculture has the scholars politely sparring. We need this. Do not fear thatWomen sOral History is solely an exercise in academic navel-gazing, which the authors caution against. The collec tion is farbroader than a scholarly assessment. Itsthreeparts ? Basic Approaches, Oral History Applications, and Oral History Discoveries and Insights ? include myriad voices frommany academic communities, and the interviewees described in the essays range from coal-mine strikersandmillworkers to farm women, Paiute Indians, and urban Chicanas. A number of the essays have been antholo gized or developed into book-length studies since theiroriginal appearance inFrontiers. Judy Yung's studyofherChinese American forebears, Sally Roesch Wagner's biography of suffragist Matilda Joslin Gage, andAmy Kesselman's work onNorthwest shipyardworkers inPortland and Vancouver (presented here with co-authors Tina Tau...

(1981). Oral History and the Writing of Ethnic History: A Reconnaissance into Method and Theory. The Oral History Review: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 27-46.

This pedagogy-focused article, consisting of three essays, describes courses and course projects that were designed to engage students in the use of oral history to produce public and professional forms of historical presentation. Each essay describes the course content and design, then focuses on the significance of the project, the pitfalls encountered and how to overcome them, and lessons learned. In the conclusion, the authors consider how oral history and public history can be integral to “making better historians”—better readers of historical sources, better writers of history, and better interpreters of history to the public—for students across the educational spectrum, from beginning undergraduates to advanced graduate students.

The writing of history as academic discipline in Kenya is relatively very recent. This is however not to deny its invaluable antecedents characterized by oral histories as well as written accounts. This paper thus provides an appraisal of this historiography highlighting critical issues and concerns at each moment, which either succeeded in pushing historical writing backwards or forward. The impetus for writing this paper derives from the consensus among Kenyan historians that the discipline faces at critical empirical, ethical and theoretical crisis. This crisis is however not new; it has been part of historical writing in Kenya. It has however been accentuated by the limited historical writings by Kenyan historians and the very question of who should legitimately speak about the Kenyan past? Should it be left to “discoverers of the field” or to what Ibrahim Abdullah in the preface of Jacques Depelchin's book refers to as “Africa's most dangerous marabouts.” Lagos Historical Review Vol. 7 2007: pp. 73-93

Since its first publication in 1992, New Perspectives on Historical Writing has become a key reference work used by students and researchers interested in the most important developments in the methodology and practice of For this new edition, the book has been thoroughly revised and updated and includes an entirely new chapter on environmental history.Peter Burke is joined here by a distinguished group of internationally renowned historians, including Robert Darnton, Ivan Gaskell, Richard Grove, Giovanni Levi, Roy Porter, Gwyn Prins, Joan Scott, Jim Sharpe, Richard Tuck, and Henk Wesseling. The contributions examine a wide range of interdisciplinary areas of historical research, including women s history, history from below, the history of reading, oral history, the history of the body, microhistory, the history of events, the history of images, and political history.

Teaching with Oral Histories Dominique A. Tobbell Oral histories are invaluable primary sources that have the potential to enhance students’ understanding of the historical period. As Glenn Whitman asserts, Students are engaged by reading interviews because the historical actors become more real as opposed to the processed heroes students often encounter in their textbooks. Such sources provide another perspective when evaluating the past and are often more engaging because … the narrative form is the best medium “in which to contain, transmit, and remember important information.”1 Oral history provides us, as historians of health care, with an enriched opportunity to expose our students to what it meant to live through a particular time period, to experience illness or childbirth, to work with or encounter new medical technologies, and to confront the changing healthcare system There are two pedagogical approaches to using oral history in teaching. Passive oral history “is the presentation of oral history sources from which students will learn” and is “accomplished by integrating ‘ready-made’ sources of oral history into existing curricula.” This can include the use of audio or video recordings, websites, transcripts, and other electronic media “containing renditions of oral history … that can expose the student to [oral history] methodology as well as provide content for the curricular area of study.” Active oral history refers to “the role of students as ‘novice researchers’ collecting their own oral histories. The student, accordingly, engages in researching a topic, interviewing respondents, comparing other historical documentation, analyzing and interpreting data, developing narratives, producing products, and presenting the finished work.”2 Although I use both pedagogical approaches in my teaching, for the purposes of this article, I focus on the passive approach. While there is an extensive body of scholarship within the oral history literature on how to incorporate active oral history into undergraduate teaching, barely any exists on developing passive oral history in the curriculum.3 In my teaching, I integrate oral histories in two ways: (1) I use oral histories as supplements to lectures and assigned reading of secondary literature, and (2) I have students analyze oral histories as a graded assignment. [End Page 128] I have found that assigning oral history transcripts as class reading or using audio excerpts of oral history interviews in classroom lectures has the potential to transform students’ experience of the history they are learning about as well as providing me with excellent opportunities to teach about the methodological challenges of doing history. By hearing people describe the history as they experienced it, oral histories humanize, bring to life, and make real for the students the history that is portrayed in the assigned secondary literature and lectures. Oral histories provide students with the opportunity to explore the many sides of a historical issue or event through first-hand accounts. Oral histories literally give voice to individuals and groups not otherwise depicted in the secondary literature. And they allow students to assess and compare the ways in which an individual’s experience of a given historical issue or event may correlate, enhance, challenge, or conflict with historians’ interpretations of that history. We are fortunate as historians of medicine that there are a number of excellent online and published oral history resources that we can draw upon in our teaching;4 this is particularly the case on the topic of gender, women, sexuality, and health. Using examples from my course, Women, Health, and History, I want to highlight, in particular, the use of oral histories to teach students about women’s experiences as physicians and nurses in the twentieth century (the course syllabus is online at https://www.hopkinshistoryofmedicine.org/content/syllabus-archive). In Her Own Words: Oral Histories of Women Physicians edited by Regina Markell Morantz, Cynthia Stodola Pomerleau, and Carol Hansen Fenichel, is a collection of edited oral histories of women physicians who trained from the mid-1930s through the 1970s, that offers firsthand accounts of women’s experiences as physicians during the twentieth century.5 In Her Own Words is organized generationally into three sections: part I includes interviews with physicians who trained before [End Page 129] World War II, part II includes interviews with physicians who went to college or medical school...

From those involved in the emergence of the modern environmental movement in the United States to those engaged in contemporary environmental controversies, there is a wealth of people who participated in and experienced these historical moments in the story of environmentalism. The stories of these people can provide new perspectives and windows into environmental issues and controversies, which are often only documented through newspaper articles, public hearing transcripts, congressional hearings, and famous speeches. In this essay, I contend that the collection and analysis of oral histories is a useful endeavor for environmental communication scholars. While oral history is not completely new to communication scholars, its potential, especially for environmental communication, has not yet been reached. Not only can the collection of oral histories create a body of archival documents for contemporary and future generations, but analysis of oral histories may reveal new insights into the communicative dimensions of environmental controversies. In addition to arguing for the value of oral history, I offer practical suggestions for undertaking oral history projects.

Reviewed by: Crawfish Bottom: Recovering a Lost Kentucky Community Barbara J. Shircliffe (bio) Crawfish Bottom: Recovering a Lost Kentucky Community. By Douglas A. Boyd. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2011. Pp. 236. $35.00 cloth) Public history raises a host of provocative questions about power, voice, location, and representation. These concerns have long occupied the attention of oral historians who attempt to reconstruct places stigmatized in local lore. In an effort to bring justice to communities marginalized by race and class, do historians inject themselves into the creation of public memory in order to tell a more noble story of community struggle and togetherness? How might historians use narratives to challenge distorted images of communities without romanticizing the past? In Crawfish Bottom: Recovering a Lost Kentucky Community, Douglas Boyd boldly tackles these dilemmas as he deconstructs hegemonic narratives and “countermemories” surrounding a community destroyed by urban renewal (p. 185). This approach not only makes Crawfish Bottom an intriguing and compelling story but also an extremely useful text for examining the possibilities and pitfalls in recreating public memory. Professor Douglas A. Boyd is the director of the Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History at the University of Kentucky. He has written about African American history in Kentucky and the uses of technology in oral history. In this recent book, Boyd explores the history of the “poorest section of Frankfort,” Kentucky’s capitol (p. 15). The reader learns that the “Craw,” as it was sometimes called, had a reputation for prostitution, bootlegging, election fraud, gambling, and violence. In telling and retelling the stories of Crawfish Bottom, Boyd draws on archival materials—maps, photographs, newspaper articles, court records, biography, and oral histories, including those conducted by James Wallace who, during the 1990s, interviewed twenty-five residents, mostly African Americans. Along with the introduction and conclusion, Crawfish Bottom is organized into five thematic chapters that explore important elements in the reconstruction of place, identity, and narratives about notorious and complex figures such as Ida Howard who operated a house [End Page 95] of prostitution and John Fallis, a grocery-store owner who became a legendary outlaw killed in a street shooting. Chapter one examines the history of Crawfish Bottom as gleaned from the scarce documentary record. Boyd effectively uses newspapers, maps, photographic collections, and published histories by historians and folklorists to trace the origins of the public legacy of the neighborhood. Analyzing the origins of the name and identity of the community in chapter two, Boyd introduces the readers to Wallace’s interviews housed in the Kentucky Historical Society. In chapter three, Boyd unpacks the interplay between social structure and the contested images of the community while exploring how oral historians are participants in the memory-making process. Delving deeper into the oral histories of the Craw, chapter four guides the reader through a rich discussion of the construction of place in public memory. Chapter five follows the life of “the King of Craw,” the most celebrated and notorious figure of the neighborhood—John Fallis. One of the many intriguing aspects of this book is Boyd’s analysis of the interviews conducted by Wallace who had set out to tell the story of the community from the perspective of its residents to dispel the unsavory reputation of the neighborhood. Boyd shows how Wallace became part of the public memory by interjecting his own telling and meaning-making during the interviews. To move the reader beyond a simplistic critique of Wallace’s interference, Boyd draws on a rich tradition of sociological and historical theory to explain how hegemonic and counternarratives can “bring a reconstituted public memory into balance” (p. 184). The history of this lost Kentucky neighborhood has relevance for many communities in the metropolitan United States being swept away by redevelopment and sprawl. From this perspective, Crawfish Bottom is not only a textured story but a model that scrutinizes the problems and promises for public history-making. [End Page 96] Barbara J. Shircliffe Barbara J. Shircliffe is an associate professor of psychological and social foundations of education at the University of South Florida in Tampa, Florida. Copyright © 2011 Kentucky Historical Society

Reviewed by: Sarawak River Valley, Early Times to 1840: Santubong Kuching Brunei by Suraini Binti Sahari and Tom McLaughlin Sanib bin Hj Said Sarawak River Valley, Early Times to 1840: Santubong Kuching Brunei by SURAINI BINTI SAHARI and TOM MCLAUGHLIN, Kuching, Sarawak, Sue J's Enterprises, 2020, ISBN 978-967-17890-0-1; 205 pp; maps, plates, bibliography. This is an unusual history book by Suraini Sahari and Tom McLaughlin. The scope of this study is overwhelming, more so for these new, and untrained, history writers. Their attempt to write of the past long before the arrival of James Brooke in 1840 is a highly commendable break from the prevailing Brooke-centric history of Sarawak. Unfortunately, what we get from this book are mostly raw notes from various sources without a flowing narrative of the remote past into normal historical periodization. [End Page 218] The book's table of contents show a notable absence of chapters and appears to be a collection of a myriad notes. A quick count reveals about 62 topics altogether, which could not possibly have become chapters due to their sheer number. Attempts to use periodization obtained from unreliable oral history accounts make up twenty percent of the whole book. The first 19 topics resemble research notes that appear to belong to the first part of the book. Some notes are interesting and supply valuable information on origins of various ethnic groups in Borneo and the Malay Archipelago, though not necessarily the people of the Sarawak River Valley. The writers should have given their own interpretation to make a certain historical narrative of time and space as a contribution to the historiography of Sarawak. The second part of the book, if it may be described as such, is the translation of an oral history of Santubong narrated by a respondent. The writers accepted as historical facts any information imparted to them by the respondent regarding dates and personalities from 925CE to 1490CE. There is no attempt at corroboration with other respondents or reference from other sources. The oral history of Santubong, in fact, has been referred to by Baring-Gould and Bampfylde in their book, The History of Sarawak Under the Two White Rajahs, published in 1909 relating to the origins of the Malays of Sarawak. At the same time H. Everett and H. Hewitt wrote an article that was published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of 1909. A popular book on the subject appeared in Malay by Haji Mohammad Tahir bin Abdul Ghani, the Hikayat Datuk Merpati (1987), that was transliterated from an original Malay-Jawi manuscript. From all these published sources there is no mention of Indrana Jang Sorgi or Hyang Gi, 925–974 and his descendants as the founder and rulers of Santubong. According to the published sources the founder of Santubong was Datuk Merpati/Marapati. Another point of contestation is the existence of two figures of Sultan Tengah which are not supported by other sources. Sultan Tengah is a well-known historical figure who, as the Sultan of Sarawak (1599) later founded the Sultanate of Sambas as written in the royal genealogies of Sultanate of Sambas and Brunei. The authors further suggested that the Bidayuh once lived in Santubong and in some areas of present-day Kuching. The myth regarding origins of the Bidayuh has been recorded from oral history and published by Heidi Munan, a well-known local writer, to the effect that the Bidayuh came from what is now West Kalimantan which is far in the interior and not along the coast of Santubong. The writers mentioned that the Ibans were also found near the present-day city of Kuching at Bukit Mata Kuching before James Brooke's arrival in 1839. This is problematic because Brooke wrote in his journal that he was told to sail to Lundu to meet some Ibans, the Sebuyaus who originated from Batang Lupar. It is important to point out that name of an important ethnic group that we know today as 'Iban' is a Rejang Kayan word, 'hivan', that means 'wanderer', referring to this particular group of Dayak in Borneo. R. Pringle in Rajahs and Rebels (Second Edition, 2010, p. 19...

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on what appears to be the relatively under-used methodologies associated with oral history – principally the interview as a primary source of data – in the writing of sports history. The observation is acknowledged as one made from a UK perspective, not least on account of the authors’ status as monolingual researchers, albeit from the different but culturally diverse nations of England and Scotland. The points of reference within this article are, therefore, necessarily drawn from works published in English, and the substantive oral history case studies are mostly sampled from those researched in the UK to date, chosen because they are either groundbreaking or illustrative of the opportunities, methodological challenges and politics that have come to be associated not only with the method itself, but the discipline of sports history. This paper will, therefore, firstly outline the development of oral history. Secondly, it will discuss the ways in which it has been applied within British sports history and, finally propose opportunities it presents for the future development of the discipline and those historians researching sport.

The subject of marriage among Romans is a complex one fraught with many problems. Part of complexity is due to fact that Rome itself was marked by vast social, political, and economic changes within twelve centuries of its existence. There can be little doubt that these changes were reflected in institutional character of family and marriage. Adding to problematic nature of Roman marriage is quality of data available prior to second century B.C. For this span of time there is very little reliable testimony concerning marriage practices. Nevertheless, for period with which this article principally deals (the first centuries before and after Christ) there are at hand writings of Roman historians and biographers who more than adequately document imperial family, its antecedents, its collaterals, and its affinals. Regrettably, though, there never were social scientists who thought it worthwhile to record and transmit marital alignments of the man on street, for thought itself would have repelled an educated person in ancient Rome. As a result, very nature of evidence limits us to socially, politically, and economically dominant oligarchies which successively controlled capital city of Roman realm. There is also available a wealth of legal commentary on marriage practices. It mainly consists of excerpts from Classical jurists1 incorporated in codification of Justinian (Mommsen and Krueger 1954) and legal tracts most recently and conveniently edited by J. Baviera (I964). It should be noted that all of primary sources have been critically scrutinized again and again by each new generation of Classical scholars. Of these sources, jurists are more concerned with establishment of legal principles of marriage as they relate to family than they are with description and analysis of actual marriages. Whereas jurists are a repository of legal precedent and discussion, literary sources (especially writings of historians and biographers) furnish most of detailed material for reconstructing genealogies, since they record actual marriages and give other evidence for stemmata of most notable citizens of Rome.2 In this paper we propose to show that within complex and sometimes confusing welter of marriage, divorce, and remarriage among JulioClaudians, there is an identifiable structure. The sources of data upon which

In his essay, ”Cultural Systems and the Nation-State: Paradigms for Writing National Theatre History”, Bruce McConachie creates a fascinating case study for theatre historians and historiographers by applying three different historigraphical methods to one set of historical data, and asking the reader to evaluate which approach makes the most convincing interpretation of the material. McConachie’ essay helps the scholar understand both the flexibility and the limitations of the data and the methods he applies, and his essay is an invaluable tool both in and out of the classroom.In my paper, ”Scrap-Scrounging and Dumpster-Diving: Theatre Historiography in the Archives,” I propose to begin at the ”other end,” asking how the material I find in the archives determines the approach I take as a writer of history. My work on early American Theatre has been variously described as economic history, political history, cultural history, and narrative history. I consider it a synthesis of all of these forms, and I would argue that its mutability has been shaped not by what I bring to the archives, but rather what they have demanded of me. My research has required that I become, by turns, a scholar of the early national banking system, an adept in interpreting the dynamics of colonial politics, as well as a theatre historian able to analyze text and theorize about performance. While an interdisciplinary approach to scholarship is almost a given in the twenty-first century, I have often been surprised at how much more coherent my historiographical investigations seem when they arise organically from the material I am researching.I realize that such a process may beg the question of how one can begin a research project without a specific historiographical method or point of attack, and of course every scholar must acknowledge both preferences and prejudices. What I suggest in this essay, however, is that by allowing the scraps and treasures in the archives to speak to us in new ways, by allowing them to direct not only what we research, but how we do it, many exciting possibilities begin to emerge. For example, I began the research that became my book Early American Theatre from the Revolution to Thomas Jefferson: Into the Hands of the People, with a fairly straightforward archival search into the history of the eighteenth-century Boston theatre. As I tracked contemporary newspaper articles on the controversy that surrounded the city’ first efforts to build a theatre, I was struck by the fact that the same men who seemed to be linked to the proposed new playhouse were also embroiled in a venture described as the ”Boston Tontine Association.” Moreover, opponents to the theatre aligned themselves against the tontine as well. Having no sense of how a tontine functioned in early national America, I began my investigations into the organization and its membership, and discovered that a tontine can essentially function as a private bank, and that the Boston Tontine Association put over two million dollars in the hands of its founders to use as they pleased - a power that proved an intolerable threat to the city’ conservative government. Thus, for the local leaders, opposing the agenda of the theatre’ supporters and the tontiners became inextricably linked, as all of the subsequent debates on the playhouse demonstrated. Ultimately, my sideways swerve into the economic and political history that surrounded the Boston Tontine Association became the foundation for my book and fundamentally transformed my approach to theatre historiography and research. While I cannot help but enter the archive with a set of questions, hopes, and expectations, I have found some of my most fruitful research comes when I abandon my preconceived ”map,” and simply follow the ”path” that the archive lay before me.

(1999). The Vietnam War and the Teaching and Writing of Oral History: The Reliability of the Narrator. The Oral History Review: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 47-64.