Statutory and Customary Law in Governing Marriage and Divorce among Pagan Populations in the Ufa Province from the Mid-19th to the Early 20th Century

ABSTRACTThe systems framework of resilience has suggested that resilient factors external to or within the individual and their interactions can contribute to positive adjustment in at-risk populations. However, the interplays of resilience resources at different levels have seldom been investigated in health psychology, particularly in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This study aimed to examine the mediating role of individual resilience resources in the associations between marital and family relationships and well-being in PLWHA. A sample of 160 Chinese PLWHA were interviewed to complete measures on marital relationship, family relationship, individual resilience resources, and general, physical, and mental well-being. Results showed that better marital relationship and family relationship were associated with higher levels of individual resilience resources and well-being indicators. Mediation analysis with path analysis showed significant mediating effects of individual resilience resources between marital and family relationships and general, physical, and mental well-being. By highlighting marital and family relationships as external resources of resilience and their roles in increasing individual resilience factors which thereby contribute to the well-being of PLWHA, our findings support the systems framework of resilience. There are implications for resilience enhancement interventions with the aim of improving PLWHA’s well-being by including interpersonal strategies of strengthening the protective role of marital and family relationships, which will in turn facilitate the resilience process.

INTRODUCTION. Israel is a diverse and controversial state. Its laws, especially those of the area of family and marital law, are distinctly unique. The reason being that throughout its centuries-long history Eretz Israel (the Land of Israel) – the historical name of the country, the structure of norms of this branch of law has gone through a set of changes under different political regimens. The government ruling over this holy land at a certain time period was to some extent influencing current social order and the lives of Jewish people, including such aspect as the performance of religious rituals.Considering the specificity of traditionalistic norms of Judean legal system attempts of influence on it from the outside have always been a big challenge. Those norms had to be strictly followed as it was of utmost importance for the conservation of the Jewish communities, Jewish culture and its authenticity, which for centuries has been challenged by many in attempts to modify, discriminate and even irradicate it. Hence, in this article the authors examined the most notable periods of the existence of Jewish communities in Eretz Israel. Inter alia there is an analysis of rules and measures introduced by the ruling system under the Ottoman Empire (from year 1517 to year 1917), of decrees present under the Mandate of Palestine (1922-1948), of the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948 and of current legislation. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article isbased on the current Israeli legislation which concerns familial and marital relations, as well as on traditional religious code of rules and obligations “Halakha” which is still in action in Israel’s society. In the article Ottoman and British-Palestinian legislation is mentioned which was in force during the corresponding historical periods of time. It is also stated that the majority of the legislative acts in the area of familial and marital relations follow the principles of the International law, the rulings of the Supreme court of Israel are made according to the norms of International law and, among other things, in consideration with the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women of 1979. For the achievement of result general and specific scientific methods of research were applied, in particular historical-legal and comparative-legal methods of study. RESEARCH RESULTS. Research result consists in presentation of current Israeli familial and marital legislation and other religious traditional rules review. It is well-proven that despite the strictness of the Judean traditions, according to the clauses of the Israeli Declaration of Independence 1948, Israel being a Jewish state is also a modern and democratic one. Democratic principles of equality and humanism prevail in cases where in the proceedings regarding marital and family affairs where the rights of one of the parties are violated, every citizen of the state of Israel can appeal to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of Justice seeking a justified sentence and protection of one’s interests. Therefore, the result of the integration of the legal principles typical for democratic countries and the traditional norms of Judaism current legal system of the state of Israel was created. The mechanism of this system comes from the respect for the traditions whilst the main principles of democracy are also followed, namely those of justice, equality and humanism. This is what makes the legal system of Israel unique in every aspect, including the norms of familial and marital relations which integrate both traditional implementations and modern aspects. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. In the frames of the present research study the authors found that familial and marital law of Israel is based on norms of the Religious law, on a special code of rules and obligations called – “Halakha”. From the standpoint of the development of law and practice, a certain role was played by the procedural rules introduced in the territory of Eretz Israel during the period of Ottoman Empire. English law had a certain influence on the development of Israeli law in general during British Mandate of Palestine. Modern Israeli legislation in the field of marriage and family relations is based on and takes into account international agreements to which Israel is a party.

Goal. Analysis of the dynamics of demographic indicators in the regions of Ukraine. Method. The study is based on general scientific methods, namely, analysis and synthesis, descriptive, analytical. And also socio-geographical - comparative-geographical. Results. The dynamics and regional features of births, deaths, natural increase / decrease in population, life expectancy at birth, migration growth / decrease in population for the period 2001-2020 in Ukraine are analyzed. The main causes of population mortality in 2020 are revealed. The dynamics of indicators that characterize marital and family relations in Ukraine, namely, the coefficients of marriage, divorce, the average age of marriage registration for both men and women, the average age of the mother at birth, the share of illegitimate children. The new model of family and marital relations that is being formed in Ukraine is characterized by a high level of consensual marriages, an increase in the age of marriage, a high level of extramarital births, a low birth rate and high levels of economic and consumer activity. Accordingly, the demographic situation in Ukraine is characterized by a crisis in the birth rate, deteriorating health of the population (especially reproductive age), increased mortality and reduced life expectancy. The priority tasks for improving the demographic situation in Ukraine should be: stabilizing the birth rate and bringing it in the long run to a level that provides a simple mode of demographic reproduction; improving the health of the population, reducing mortality and increasing life expectancy; strengthening the institution of the family, as well as creating conditions for combining professional activities with family responsibilities for women; improving the regulation of migration processes. Scientific novelty. Analysis of traditional demographic indicators. However, the analysis of marital and family relations and the role of women in society, as well as their impact on the demographic situation. Practical significance. Analysis of indicators in space and time to identify trends. The introduction of demographic policy measures in domestic practice will help improve the demographic situation in the country.

The article is devoted to the problematic aspects of the settlement of the institution of marriage, as well as the comparative characteristics of the conditions of marriage in Ukraine and the UAE. The family is a special legal category that arises between individuals as a result of the conclusion and registration of marital relations, therefore, the study of marital relations in this context remains quite relevant. In the context of conducting a comprehensive study, the peculiarities of the settlement of marital relations were highlighted, taking into account the problematic aspects of this legal relationship. The comparative analysis of features of marital relations in the UAE and in Ukraine in the aspect of their termination is carried out, similar and distinctive features are allocated. Within the framework of the article, a number of problematic issues concerning the moment of marriage and their further settlement are investigated. Considerable attention is paid to the study of the legal nature of marital relations and the characteristics of marital relations in Ukraine from the early stages to the present. In the context of the above, a detailed study of the historical stages of marriage, provided their full characteristics, a comparative analysis of marital relations of those times and today. The question of interpretation of the definition of marriage, marital relations and highlighting the key features of their legislative regulation received a detailed study and understanding. Considerable attention was paid to the analysis of normative legal acts that formed the basis of legislative consolidation of marital and family relations; it is proposed to update the Family Code of Ukraine and regulate in more detail the conditions of marriage at the legislative level. The legal categories of "marital and family relations" and "marital relations" were distinguished, which are clearly distinguished from each other, because family law considers marital relations by separating them from family ones, which leads to legal conflicts in practice.

The subject of the study deals with guarantees of justice in the field of family ties in the Code of Hammurabi. This research falls into two sections. The first section touched on the legal guarantees for women during the marital relationship in the Code of Hammurabi, explaining the role of the marriage contract in guaranteeing women’s rights in the Code of Hammurabi. The legal guarantees for women in the event of polygamy in the Code of Hammurabi were noted, and the guarantees established to protect women’s rights in the field of legal actions. In the second section, the researcher touched on the guarantees of women’s rights upon the termination of the marital bond in the Code of Hammurabi. The guarantees stipulated in old Iraqi laws related to protecting the rights of family members and guarantees of women’s rights to inheritance were discussed. The study concluded that the Code of Hammurabi came with legal texts to guarantee women’s rights and regulate family and familial relations, and that his law was superior in its justice to many of the legislation that preceded it, through what it included rules and provisions regulating the affairs of women as they are the weak party in the marital relationship, so women gained a status. Distinctive in Babylonian society.

The article is devoted to the study of students’ social ideas about marriage and family relations. The article analyzes the data of a pilot empirical study conducted to identify the characteristics of the ideas of boys and girls about marriage and family relations. Using psychodiag­nostic methods, survey methods, content analysis, and methods of mathematical statistics, differences in the content characte­ristics of boys’ and girls’ ideas about marriage and family relations, differences in expectations and aspirations in various areas of family and marriage relations were identified. In particular, it was found that the level of expectation that a partner will take the initiative in implementing the household sphere is significantly higher among girls than among boys; attitudes toward personal dominance in the household sphere are significantly lower among girls than among boys; The expectation that the main functions of raising and caring for child­ren will be assumed by the marriage partner is significantly higher among girls than among boys. The study made it possible to analyze the problematic aspects in the inconsistency of modern ideas about family and marital relations among students. The author’s position on the need and importance of conducting educational events at the university in order to harmonize family and marital relations is reflected.

Introduction. The institutions of marriage and family seem to be an integral component of the traditional livelihood of peoples, reflecting their history, features of life and activities. The Finno-Ugric ethnic groups, over the centuries of their existence, have formed original layers of marriage and family traditions, many elements of which have been preserved to this day. The article provides a comparative legal and anthropological analysis of the marriage and family customs of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region. Materials and Methods. The article is based on the literature, archival materials on the state of marriage and family relations of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region in the late XIX–XX centuries. It is based on a legal-anthropological methodology, which includes both relevant theoretical approaches and research methods of collecting materials. The comparative method makes it possible to compare certain elements of the institutions of marriage and family among individual Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region, to identify their common and special features. The hermeneutic method implies a deeper penetration into the logic of human legal thinking in the study of legal customs. Results and Discussion. In the social life of the Finno-Ugric peoples, family rituals and customs related to marriage and wedding played an important role and family life. Great importance was attached to domestic deities. Many traditional features have been preserved in the regulation of marriage and family relations for a long time, which was due to the slow pace of the formation of market relations, patriarchal features of the family way of life, and the strength of family and kinship ties. Wedding ceremonies were characterized by great complexity and diversity. They were connected with different stages of the wedding, marking the transition of a young man and girl to a new social status; they were supposed to contribute to a more successful implementation of this event, to sanction it in the eyes of relatives and fellow villagers. Conclusion. The Finno-Ugric ethnic groups of the Volga region have developed many similar features of traditional culture and way of life, which indicates the traditions of interpenetration and interaction. Despite the common things and the general similarity of customs in the sphere of marriage and family relations, peoples also have distinctive properties, features of worldview, customary law, and other socionormative relations.

Marital and family relations and depression in married elderly Finns

Background: Pregnancy and transition to parenthood is often a stressful event and brings about more profound changes than any other developmental stage of the family life cycle. Consequently, pregnancy and post-partum are times of increased vulnerability for the onset or relapse of a mental illness. The current paper aimed at understanding the marital and family relationships among women with severe mental illness during the perinatal period in India. Methods: The study included a retrospective chart review of mothers admitted to a mother-baby unit between the years January 2015 to March 2020. We included all mothers who were married and had onset of SMI in the perinatal period. Details of socio-demographic, clinical profile and descriptive understanding of relationships were collected. Results: The total sample was 149, mean age of women in years was 25.27 (SD=4.97). The clinical diagnosis included non-affective psychosis (45.5%), affective psychosis (42.2%) with 130 (87.24%) women having their first episode of SMI during the postpartum period. More than half of the women admitted to the ward reported having problems in their marital relationship, with 25% experiencing violence from their spouses and in-laws. Interpersonal issues with their in-laws in the context of violence, household chores and poor support. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of routine assessments of the quality of marital and family relationships including domestic violence. There is a need to provide interventions aimed at helping women deal with difficulties in intimate and social relationships.

Analysis of the correlation between the assessment of current family relations in families of patients diagnosed with eating disorders and the assessment of the relations in the family of origin of their parents. 54 female patients with restrictive anorexia nervosa, 22 female patients with binge-purge anorexia, 36 female patients with bulimia. Two control groups were included: 36 female patients with depressive disorders and 85 schoolgirls from Krakow. The study also covered the girls' parents. Family of Origin Scale and FAM Family Assessment Measure (Polish version). In the families of schoolgirls from Krakow better evaluation of the experience of intimacy and autonomy in the family of origin of parents of the investigated girls was associated with their and their children more favourable perception of relations in the present nuclear family. What proved particularly significant were perception of transgenerational experiences of the fathers. Only a few statistically significant correlations were observed in all clinical groups. In the parents of the investigated patients a weak correlation was observed between the current marital relations perception and transgenerational experiences evaluation and a significant correlation between parents' transgenerational experience evaluation and the assessment of the relations with their daughters. No specific correlations were found between the perception of the transgenerational experience of parents and evaluation of current relations in the nuclear family of their children with eating disorders. The results in the group with eating disorders suggest that the relations between parents and daughters are more intense than marital relations.

The Confucian tradition is often held to have accorded the family a prominent place in their ethics. This paper distinguishes three different senses in which the family is held to be primary in Confucian morality. It then explores Hsun Tzu's views on the family and familial relations. I argue that, while other early Confucians such as Confucius and Mencius would have held the family to be primary in all three senses, Hsun Tzu held the family to be primary in only one of the three senses. In particular, there is textual evidence that Hsun Tzu holds that one's primary obligation is to the ruler of the state, rather than to the immediate family.

So that the estranged ones may find their way back to themselves and each other... This study deals with the phenomenon of estrangement, which determines intimate (marital, family) relationships to a significant extent. Alienation is seen as a concealed form of intra-personal and interpersonal restlessness. This phenomenon is not resolved by the reconciliation (which is the subject of the current volume). Alienation is eliminated when one finds his way back to himself (again) or when people find their way back to each other (again). Following the introduction (1), the current article discusses the social manifestations of estrangement based on a study by Peter V. Zima (2). This section addresses estrangement as a social phenomenon, as well as the impact of its structures on marital and family relationships. From the perspective of social sciences, the present and the future of intimate relationships reveals a worrying picture. Starting from this observation, the study seeks a conceptual basis that, while not explicitly theological, has solid theological foundations, strong enough to offer support for building marital and family relationships, which are seriously affected by social processes. Elements of this can be found in the holarchic world model translated into human sciences by Rudy Vandamme (3), as well as in the contextual approach of Iván Böszörményi-Nagy (4). The basic ideas of this world model and approach help us to establish a foundation that allows marital and family relationships not to become victims of social alienation structures, but to be-come places where people can find their ways back to themselves and each other. The conclusion (5) formulates the well-founded hope that intimate relation-ships have a positive radiation and effect upon society, and as runways to relational ethics enable the coming generation to actively shape the emerging relational and social life.

recent economic recession and slow economic rebound are major stressors for many American families. The U. S. workplace is in a profound, historic state of turmoil that for millions of individuals is approaching panic (Dan Lacey, labor consultant, cited in Gwynne, 1992, p. 35). results of this turmoil include unemployment, underemployment, and job insecurity for many Americans. negative effects of unemployment on individuals and marital and family relations are well documented (Larson, 1984; Voydanoff, 1990; Voydanoff & Donnelly, 1988). In contrast, researchers have virtually ignored the effects of job insecurity upon individuals and on marriage and family relations (Voydanoff, 1990; Wilson, Larson, & Stone, 1993). As businesses and government agencies continue to restructure and downsize, it is expected that the number of job insecure Americans will increase. This insecurity may result from several circumstances, including threat of job loss, job description changes, added responsibility due to the lay-off of coworkers, salary or benefits freezes or cutbacks, forced relocation, or loss of potential for promotion. Some of these circumstances (e.g., threat of job loss, job description changes, and added responsibilities) may create boundary ambiguity for workers. Boundary ambiguity is a construct in stress theory that makes it possible to predict an individual's and family's level of stress (Boss & Greenberg, 1984). When a worker is unclear about who will have a job tomorrow, what his/her job description and responsibilities are, or who is working with him/her, the worker's job boundaries are said to be ambiguous (Boss & Greenberg, 1984). Ambiguity leads to increased stress for both the worker and the worker's family. Studies of the impact of job insecurity and ambiguity on employee mental health and family functioning are almost nonexistent, even though job security is an important prerequisite for establishing and maintaining strong families and job insecurity affects many more workers than does unemployment (Voydanoff, 1990; Wilson et al., 1993). Only three marginally related studies were found in the research literature Cobb and Kasl (1977) found the anticipation period before termination to be more detrimental than actual job loss to the mental and physical health of a group of workers who were later unemployed. Kuhnert (1386) found that job security had a greater impact on the employee's self-esteem and physical well-being than job satisfaction or involvement with the job. only study on the impact of job insecurity on family relations was conducted by Voydanoff and Donnelly (1988). Results showed that, for wives, job insecurity for themselves and for their spouses was negatively related to overall marital and family satisfaction. However, job insecurity was not significantly related to overall marital and family satisfaction for husbands. Voydanoff (1990), in a review of the research conducted in the 1980s on economic distress and families, concluded certain changes in American corporate policy, such as mergers, acquisitions, moving jobs to other countries, and forced retirement have created substantial employment uncertainty. effects of this uncertainty on individual adjustment and family relations have yet to be explored (p. 1111). purpose of the present study was to build upon Voydanoff and Donnelly's (1988) research by conducting a more comprehensive and detailed study of the effects of job insecurity stress on the family. More specifically, this study's objectives were to: (a) determine the effects of job insecurity on the marital relationship and specific family dynamics, such as family communication, family role clarity, and family affection; (b) gather information on the number of family problems encountered; (c) deter is mine the clinical significance of the marriage and family problems reported by a sample of job-insecure individuals by comparing them with a nonclinical standardization sample; and (d) determine the types of family services desired by job insecure employees and their spouses. …

Statement of problem. In Ukraine nowadays every year the family institution loses its meaning. There is a growing trend towards so-called frequent divorce, and young people do not want to marry. You should also remember the wedding, ceremony, which is primarily a spiritual meaning, not just a contract. As a form of marriage in general it has lost its value and almost never used. We can not ignore and gay marriage, the debate over which unabated. There are many points of view, various studies and surveys on this. In many countries, such marriages are allowed, but multiple opponents argue that it is contrary to the very definition of family and marriage. So today there is a need to explore the genesis concepts of marriage and family. Recent research and publication analysis. The question of marriage and family relations was always interested researchers because the family and the family is the foundation of every human life. Recent research and public study on matrimonial customary law pre-Christian times in his writings pay attention Hrushevsky, Ivan Krypiakevych, I. Belyaev, M. ascend-Budanov, V. Serhiyevych, Shulgin, S. Yushkov, N. Pushkarev, N. Belyaev. The question of civil-legal regulation of property relations in Kievan Rus according to the norms of n Pravda was the subject of study of various scientists. These include, in particular, B. Grekov , P.Muzychenko, V. Rubanyka, W. Kulczycki, P. Zakharchenko, V. Serhiyevycha and others. In the nineteenth century the question of family relations, family and inheritance redistribution members of one family studied Pahman S., M. Kachanov, Barykov A., Mukhin, Alexander Leontiev. Paper objective. The article is a comprehensive analysis of the formation of marriage and family relations arising from the fact of belonging to a marriage and family in the Ukrainian lands in their development during X – XIX centuries. Paper main body. Analyzed the issue of marriage and family relations in the process of formation and development in Ukraine. History of the Ukrainian family law reaches ancient times, even before the formation of Kievan Rus as a state, let alone the adoption of Christianity. In ancient times in our history the Ukrainian lands major factor regulating social relations advocated custom. Personal property and non-property rights of spouses dependent on the shape and conditions of marriage. Matrimonial law Kievan Rus was a kind and unique because formed based on Byzantine law, pagan rituals, various folk customs and princely legislation. To simplify and facilitate the marriage in 1897 was issued a collection of religious and civil laws on divorce and judicial proceedings in matrimonial matters, where it was said that people of Orthodox religion can marry among themselves and with foreigners Orthodox and all other Christian denominations not asking for special permission from the authorities, but with all the marriage requirements. Conclusions of research. Examining the different forms of marriage in the Pagan era, one could argue that the echoes of ancient customs can be seen today in the marriage rites. The adoption of Christianity created favorable conditions for the rapid development of social, economic, political and spiritual relations, preparing the ground for organizing the legal system, both in general and in the field of marriage and family relations. Christianity, including Orthodox Church, had a great influence on the formation of new ethical norms of life which, to some extent found their reflection in the new legal system. Further evolution took place right in the direction of humanization. Thus, the Christian church has become a stabilizing factor in the socio-political system and legal development as Kievan Rus and modern Ukraine. The provisions of customary law XVII-XVIII reflected in the laws of the Russian Empire concerning marriage, conditions for its conclusion and termination, family rights and responsibilities and so on. These laws, some provisions of which began to operate from late XVII-XVIII century. In the nineteenth century. already fully regulate marriage and family relationships population, including Ukraine as part of the Russian Empire, and acted to the October revolution in 1917 however they were not straightforward and often contradicted each other. On the one hand provide extensive freedom and independence of women, on the other - completely denied their rights. Full union of church and state, which was one of the important principles of society at the time, was at the heart of marriage laws: the laws given not only features the marriage of some segments of the population, but were certain provisions of the laws concerning marriage of people of different Christian denominations and marriage do not Christians. The state determined the only legitimate church marriage, the main proof of marriage was a record in the parish (metric) book. As for the rights and responsibilities of spouses, they are completely controlled by the church, the state and meet the requirements of the then social, though not entirely satisfy the desire of family members.

The introductory part of the paper reflects on the evolution of the family's origins throughout the development of human society. Using description and comparative methods, a brief overview is presented of the impacts caused by economic and social changes during societal development, under which pressure the family undergoes significant transformations, both in the form and content of marital and familial relations, as well as in the functions of the family that are established or reduced. The study of the inner dynamics of marriage and the family, as well as the external factors affecting this dynamics, continues to attract the attention of researchers-ethnologists, ethnosociologists, legal anthropologists, and legal experts-practically since tribal communities, who focus on examining, classifying, and differentiating the differences in studying marriage and family systems. However, the theories about the family that arise from a micro perspective are responsible for gradually removing the static image of the family, while the global process of globalization "revitalizes" certain kinship relations from early communities, casting a shadow over the organization of monogamous marriage, family, and kinship relations from the "golden age of the family" in the 20th century. In the central part of the paper, we begin with the fact that marriage and the family are social constructs that, throughout the development of society, have always been in mutual social dynamics in time and space, sensitive to both internal and external factors of change since tribal communities. In this sense, we examine the possibilities, characteristics, content, and sanctions of law in tribal societies. In the third part of the paper, we provide a more detailed overview of primitive law and its characteristics with the goal of concluding by highlighting the difference between modern law and its imperfect predecessor, demonstrating that the system of behavioral rules regulating early social relations in pre-state organization remains vital and "stubbornly" survives in rural environments today.