Standardization of Moringa oleifera leaf powder extracts from different leaf stalk colors as raw material for herbal pharmaceuticals

Bungur (Lagerstroemia loudonii T. B) is a type of plant widely grown in Indonesia and can be found in teak forests, mixed forests, and is found as ornamental plants or protective trees on the roadside. In the fruit section, Lagerstroemia loudonii is used as antituberculous and antimalarial. On the bark, the part is used as antidiarrheal. Based on some parts of the Lagerstroemia loudonii plants' activity data, this plant has the potential to be developed into traditional medicine. Standardized traditional medicine material is necessary to identify efficacious compounds and characterization in some parts of Lagerstroemia loudonii. The purpose of this research is to develop Lagerstroemia loudonii into traditional herbal medicine or standardized herbal medicine. Identification of efficacious compounds and characterization of crude leaf drugs, bark, stems, and fruit of Lagerstroemia loudonii. The phytochemical screening phase of the crude drugs of leaves, bark, stems, and fruit ofLagerstroemia loudonii against includes examining alkaloids, flavonoids, quinones, tannins, polyphenols, saponins, steroids and triterpenes, monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids. The determination of the characteristics of raw material carried out includes nonspecific parameters. Nonspecific parameters are the determination of total ash content, water-soluble ash content, acid insoluble ash content. each experiment was carried out three times and calculated the average yield and deviation. Identification results of the class of efficacious compounds in some parts of the Lagerstroemia loudonii plant are on the leaves and fruits containing alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, quinones, tannins, polyphenols, monoterpenoids, and sesquiterpenoids as well as steroids and triterpenoids. At the bark and stem, the bark contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, quinones, tannins, polyphenols, monoterpenoids, and sesquiterpenoids. Characterization results of Lagerstroemia loudonii leaf extract total ash content 4.45 ± 0.30% w/w, water-soluble ash content 4.08 ± 0.27% w/w, acid insoluble ash content 0.59 ± 0.06% w/w, the extract specific gravity was 0.59 ± 0.063. Lagerstroemia loudonii stem bark extract, total ash content 1.94 ± 0.12% w/w, water-soluble ash content 1.47 ± 0.03% w/w, acid insoluble ash content 0.24 ± 0.02% w/w, the extract specific gravity is 0.82 ± 0.01. Lagerstroemia loudonii stem extract, total ash content3.18 ± 0.16% w/w, water-soluble ash content 2.36 ± 0.38% w/w, acid insoluble ash content 0.43 ± 0.07% w/w, extract specific grafity 0.81 ± 0.01. Lagerstroemia loudonii fruit extract, total ash content 11.45 ± 1.16%w/w, water-soluble ash content 10.1 ± 1.49% w/w, acid insoluble ash content 1.46 ± 0.88% w/w,extract specific grafity 0.81 ± 0.01. Based on phytochemical screening data and the characterization of bungur plants potential to be developed into raw materials for traditional medicineKeywords: Lagerstroemia loudonii, secondary metabolite, raw material characterization

(Muntingia calabura L., commonly known as “Kersen” in Indonesia, which is a plant that grow in anywhere. Kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) has been used empirically as a medicinal plant because it contains many potential compounds. This study aims is to standardize and Phytochemical screening the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.). Standardization of the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) consist of two parameters that is specific and non specific. The specific parameters include organoleptic test, water and ethanol extractable material, identification of compound content. Whereas non specific parameter include water content, density extract, acid insoluble ash content, mold & yeast contamination, total ash content, microbial contamination, and metal contamination such as Pb and Cd. The result showed that the organoleptic properties of ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) are dark green color, distinctive smell and has a slightly bitter taste. Content of water solvent and ethanol solvent of the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves is 60.67% and 12.1%. Phtyochemical screening results of the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves contains saponins, fenol, flavonoid, steroid. The non specific parameters of the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves are water content of 8.88%; density extract of 0.815 gr/mL, total ash content of 2.27% ± 0.15; acid insoluble ash content 0.05% ± 0,04; mold and yeast contamination of <1.0 x 100 CFU/gr; microbial contamination of <1.0 x 100 CFU/gr; Pb level of 0.07 ppm ± 0.03 and Cd level of <0.001 ppm. Based on these result that the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) has met the predetermined requirements.

Purpose: The research was to determine specific parameters (macroscopy and microscopy) and non-specific parameters (loss on drying, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, water-soluble extractive matter, ethanol-soluble extractive matter), heavy metal contaminant (Pb, Hg, As, Cu) and microbial contaminant (Total Plate Count and Total Yeast Mold). Research also determined a total flavonoid of M. oleifera leaf. Methodology: The method carried out according to the procedure stated in the Materia Medika Indonesia 5 th edition. Methods to detection Contaminants were referred to WHO guidelines for assessing the quality of herbal medicines. The determination of total flavonoid was performed by spectroscopic method. Results: Crude drug of M. oleifera leaf meet the specific parameters (macroscopy and microscopy). Nonspecific parameters of Africa, India, Local M. oleifera leaf shows that loss on drying (8.06 ± 0.03; 8.89 ± 0.31; 7.56 ± 0.17) %, total ash content (8.64 ± 0.43; 10.64 ± 0.90; 15.31 ± 0.87) %, acid insoluble ash content (0.56 ± 0.08; 0.35 ± 0.01; 0.36 ± 0.06)%, water-soluble extractive matter (21.38 ± 1.39; 30.12 ± 2.06; 12.68 ± 1.12) %, ethanol-soluble extractive matter (39.37 ± 1.51; 27.74 ± 2.44; 27.09 ± 1.43)%, contaminant test including heavy metal contaminant shows that Pb, Cd, As and Hg were not to be detected. Microbial contaminant (Total Plate Count and Total Yeast Mold) under limits of WHO standart. Total flavonoid content of Africa, India, Local M. oleifera leaf were 8.12 ± 0.52 mg/ 100 mg QE; 10.69 ± 0.15 mg/ 100 mg QE dan 13.08 ± 0.08 mg/ 100 mg QE respectively. Conclusion: Moringa Leaves meet specific parameters (macroscopy and microscopy test). Non-specific parameter tests of Africa, India, Local Moringa Leaf shows that loss on drying, acid insoluble ash content, water-soluble extractive matter, ethanol-soluble extractive matter, contaminant test including heavy metal contaminant shows that (Pb, Cd, As and Hg) and microbial contaminant (Total Plate Count and Total Yeast Mold) meet the standard required, only total ash content did not meet the standard. Total Flavonoid content shows that the extract of M. oleifera from local (Indonesia) variety is higher than others. Keyword: M. oleifera leaf, Standardization, Crude Drug

Eleocharis dulcis is a swamp plant has potential as a traditional medicine. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of determining specific and non-specific parameters on simplicia and methanol extract of purun tikus’s stems. Determination of specific parameters includes organoleptic, macroscopic - microscopic tests, water soluble extract content, ethanol soluble extract content and phytochemical screening such as testing for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids/triterpenoids. Determination of non-specific parameters includes drying shrinkage, determination of total ash content, acid insoluble ash content and heavy metal contamination. The results of the study on the specific parameters of stem extract showed that the simplicia powder was light brown in color, had a characteristic odor that was not pungent and had a bitter taste and on microscopic examination only the simplicia could be observed epidermis, transport bundles, parenchyma and collenchyma fragments,. The results of the non-specific simplicia characterization test showed drying shrinkage of 8.91%, total ash content of 13.79%, acid insoluble ash content of 6.89%. The results showed that both simplicia and methanol extract of purun tikus’s stems met the general requirements for specific and non-specific characteristics except for the total ash content of the simplicia which was declared not eligible.

Background: Standardizing herbal medicines is crucial for assessing their quality and effectiveness. Objectives: This study aims to determine non-specific and specific standardization parameters for medicinal plants. Non-specific parameters include drying shrinkage, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, total bacteria, total mold, and metal limits (Pb, Hg, and Cd). Specific parameters involve organoleptic examination, identification of chemical content in extracts, dissolved compounds in specific solvents, total flavonoid content, and qualitative testing of anthocyanin content in the extract. Materials and Methods: An experimental laboratory approach was employed to extract Dioscorea alata L using 96% ethanol, which was later concentrated through a rotary evaporator to obtain a viscous extract. Specific and non-specific parameters were determined using standardized techniques. Results: The extract yielded 3.32% of the initial substance. Drying shrinkage was 19.7769±1.2682%, and specific gravity was 0.6192±0.1476 gram/ml for 5% m/v and 0.5101±3.9591 gram/ml for 10% m/v. Ash content was 0.6793%, with acid insoluble ash content at 0.1895%. Heavy metal contamination for Hg was 0.47 ppm, but undetected for Pb &amp; Cd). The total plate number was 27 x 103 colonies/g, and negative Escherichia coli contamination. The mold count was 39 x 101 colonies/g. Additional specific parameters included the organoleptic properties of the viscous extract (purple color, characteristic odor, and sweet taste), water-soluble compound content (15.63%), ethanol-soluble compound content (14.73%), and a flavonoid content of 76.669 mg EQ/100 mg. Conclusions: The ethanol extract of Dioscorea alata complies with the standard requirements established by the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency. It presents as a viscous extract with a distinct odor, purple-black color, and sweet taste. The extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and phenolic compounds, with a total flavonoid content of 76.669 mg. Furthermore, it tested positive for anthocyanins.

Mundar (Garcinia forbesii King.) is a plant from South Kalimantan. This plant has chemical contents that have potential as medicine. The purpose of this study is to provide a pharmacognostic picture of a specific, nonspecific and determine the antioxidant activity of G. forbesii leaves. Specific parameters include organoleptic, microscopic testing, thin-layer chromatography profiles, and phytochemical screening. Nonspecific parameters include total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, drying loss, water-soluble extract content, and ethanol-soluble extract content. Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH method based on IC50 values. Specific parameter test results are green powder, characteristic odor, and sour taste. Microscopic tests showed stomata, upper epidermis, lower epidermis, cell walls, xylem, phloem, palisade tissue, spongy tissue, and cuticles. Garcinia forbesii leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and steroids. The TLC profile showed good separation of polar eluents, and yellow spots appeared after spraying DPPH reagents. The non-specific parameter test is the total ash content of 6.52�0.1%; acid insoluble ash content 1.06�0.08%; drying shrinkage 6.43�0.38%; water-soluble extracts 34.3�0.3%; and ethanol-soluble extracts 23.47�0.35%. Ethanol extract of G. forbesii leaves has antioxidant activity with IC50 of 65.7 ppm. Pharmacognostic study fulfills the requirements, and G. forbesii leaves extract has strong antioxidant activity.

Background: Standardizing herbal medicines is crucial for assessing their quality and effectiveness. Objectives: This study aims to determine non-specific and specific standardization parameters for medicinal plants. Non-specific parameters include drying shrinkage, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, total bacteria, total mold, and metal limits (Pb, Hg, and Cd). Specific parameters involve organoleptic examination, identification of chemical content in extracts, dissolved compounds in specific solvents, total flavonoid content, and qualitative testing of anthocyanin content in the extract. Materials and Methods: An experimental laboratory approach was employed to extract Dioscorea alata L using 96% ethanol, which was later concentrated through a rotary evaporator to obtain a viscous extract. Specific and non-specific parameters were determined using standardized techniques. Results: The extract yielded 3.32% of the initial substance. Drying shrinkage was 19.7769±1.2682%, and specific gravity was 0.6192±0.1476 gram/ml for 5% m/v and 0.5101±3.9591 gram/ml for 10% m/v. Ash content was 0.6793%, with acid insoluble ash content at 0.1895%. Heavy metal contamination for Hg was 0.47 ppm, but undetected for Pb &amp; Cd). The total plate number was 27 x 103 colonies/g, and negative Escherichia coli contamination. The mold count was 39 x 101 colonies/g. Additional specific parameters included the organoleptic properties of the viscous extract (purple color, characteristic odor, and sweet taste), water-soluble compound content (15.63%), ethanol-soluble compound content (14.73%), and a flavonoid content of 76.669 mg EQ/100 mg. Conclusions: The ethanol extract of Dioscorea alata complies with the standard requirements established by the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency. It presents as a viscous extract with a distinct odor, purple-black color, and sweet taste. The extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and phenolic compounds, with a total flavonoid content of 76.669 mg. Furthermore, it tested positive for anthocyanins.

Papaya plants (Carica papaya L.) can be used as traditional medicine. The parts of the plant commonly used as medicine are the seeds and leaves. Assurance of the quality of the extract obtained needs to be carried out by testing specific and non-specific parameters. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the percentage of ethanol solvent concentration on specific parameters (organoleptic, phytochemical screening, and total phenolic content) and non-specific parameters (moisture content, ash content, and specific gravity) of papaya seed extract (Carica papaya L.). This type of laboratory experimental qualitative research was done to determine the effect of the percentage of ethanol solvent concentration (70% and 95%) on specific and non-specific parameters. Specific and non-specific parameter testing is based on work procedures listed in the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. The results of testing the specific parameters on organoleptics showed no difference in the extract obtained, which was viscous and dark brown in color with a characteristic odor. Based on qualitative phytochemical screening, 70% ethanol extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. However, the 95% ethanol extract was only positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. The phenolic content test of 70% ethanol and 95% ethanol extracts was 4.31 ± 0.65 mg GAE/g and 2.69 ± 0.41 mg GAE/g, respectively (Sig 0.022 &lt; 0.05). Extract non-specific parameter test results. The ash content test for 70% and 95% ethanol extracts was 9.5% ± 0.21% w/w and 8.5% ± 0.06% w/w (Sig 0.043 &lt; 0.05). The respective water contents were 8.7 ± 0.11% w/w and 9.7 ± 0.26% w/w (Sig 0.046 &lt; 0.05). The specific gravity of each obtained was 0.88 ± 0.006 % g/ml and 0.75 ± 0.006% g/ml (Sig 0.043 &lt; 0.05). The conclusion of this study is that the concentrations of 70% ethanol and 95% ethanol in papaya seed ethanol extract have an effect on specific parameters, namely the measurement of total phenolic content. While the non-specific parameters affect the water content, total ash content, and specific gravity.

One of the herbal medicinal plants in Indonesia with antidiabetic activity is mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni Jacq.). Differences in plant parts used, extraction methods, and solvents during the extraction process will result in different characterization, quantity, and active phytochemical compounds in the extract. This study aimed to determine the content of active phytochemical compounds and extract characteristics of mahogany seed that fit the standards. Extracts were made using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent, then extract was characterized, and phytochemicals of active compounds were screened using reagents according to each group of compounds' test method. 50.16 g of 70% ethanol extract of mahogany seeds produced in this study had a solid form, characteristic odor, bitter taste, and brown color. The extract has the characteristics of water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, water-soluble extracts content, and soluble ethanol extracts content according to the standard. Several classes of active compounds were identified qualitatively in the extract, which are flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, and saponins. It appears that 70% ethanol extract of mahogany seed has a characterize extract that meets the standards and contains several active phytochemical compounds as potential antidiabetic agents.

Mango peel (Mangfera indica L.) has many pharmacological effects as a traditional medicine. Therefore, standardization of mango peel simplisia needs to be done as a preparation of phytopharmaca raw material. This research aimed to obtain standardization of mango peel simplisia include specific and non-specific parameter. The research procedures include plant determination, simplisia preparation as well as specific standardization test (includes organoleptic, water-soluble compound concentration, and ethanol solution compound concentration) and nonspecific standardization test (includes moisture content, dried shrinkage, total ash content and acid insoluble ash content). The specific organoleptic parameters of dried mango peel simplisia have a distinctive sweet aroma, bitter taste, and brownish yellow colour. Water-soluble and ethanol-soluble concentrations are 22,36% ± 1,17% and 9,56% ± 0,07%. Moisture content is 9,09% ± 1,44%. Dried shrinkage rate is 0,19% ± 0,04%. Total ash and acid insoluble ash contents are 4,11% ± 0,10% and 0,14% ± 0,03%. The mango peel simplisia has met the quality standard of the raw material.

The mundar plant (Garcinia forbesii) is a typical fruit of South Kalimantan. The people use mundar empirically as a spice, cosmetic, and medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of mundar extract from Karang Intan and Beruntung Baru districts in Banjar Regency. The collection of plants from two places, plant determination, and extraction with 70% ethanol. The extract was then characterized. The characterization showed that the Garcinia forbesii pericarp extract from both places was dark brown, distinctive odor, sour taste, and thick. Both extracts contained flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, glycosides, and anthraquinones. The chromatography of both extracts was the same and detected to alpha-mangosten. The extract from Karang Intan district has a yield 59.99%, total phenolic content 0.888%, moisture content 9.78%, total ash content 1.10%, and acid insoluble ash content 0.06%. The extract from Beruntung Baru district has a yield 58.74%, total phenolic content 0.823%, moisture content 9.93%, total ash content 1.59%, and acid insoluble ash content 0.04%. Garcinia forbesii pericarp extracts from from two places have the same organoleptical characteristics, phytochemical compounds, and chromatography patterns. The differences are in yield percentage, total phenolic content, water content, ash content, and acid insoluble ash content

Objective: The purpose of this study was the determination of the quality parameters of the antidiabetic activity of 70% ethanol extract and Kembang Bulan leaf nanoparticle extract.&#x0D; Methods: Kembang Bulan powder was macerated kinetic with 70% ethanol, evaporated until a thick extract was obtained using a rotary evaporator, then specific and non-specific parameters were determined, and phytochemical screening was done. The extract was tested for anti-diabetic activity in vitro using the α-glucosidase enzyme.&#x0D; Results: Phytochemical screening results show the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, essential oils, coumarin, steroids, and triterpenoids. The results of quality parameter examination showed that the extract had a thick consistency, blackish-brown color, aromatic odor, 75.20% dissolved compound and 71.97% dissolved compound in ethanol, 9.65% drying shrinkage, 8.73% moisture content, the remaining solvent is 0.43%, the total ash content is 7.12%, the acid insoluble ash content is 0.93%, the Pb level is 0.1167 mg/kg BW, the Cd level is 0.0620 mg/kg BW, the ALT microbial contamination is 0.6827x and Mold and yeast contamination 0.156x. Total flavonoid levels were 1.15%.&#x0D; Conclusion: The test results can be concluded that the 70% ethanol extract and nanoparticle extracts from Kembang Bulan leaves can inhibit the activity of the αglucosidase enzyme and the inhibitory results obtained by the nanoparticle extract are greater than the 70% ethanol extract.

Extract is basic material for herbal drug. The formulation of herbal drugs requires consistent of biological activity, a consistent chemical profile, or simply a quality assurance programs that can be achieved by standardizing extracts. The leaves of tahongai (Kleinhovia hospita L.) have been traditionally used in Komering tribes as phytotherapy to cure the inflammation related diseases including cancer, furuncles, polyps and tonsillitis. The aim at this study was to standardize the quality of tahongai leaves ethanolic extract by determining the specific and non specific parameters of ethanolic extract of Tahongai leaves (Kleinhovia hospita L.). The Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tanins, and steroids in extract. The result of specific parameters extracts showed that the organoleptic properties of ethanolic extract of tahongai leaves were thick, brownish black in color, has characteristic odor, astringent with slightly bitter taste, the water and ethanol soluble extractive content were 19.263% ± 0.95 and 18.30% ± 0.51 respectively. The non specific parameters of tahongai leave ethanolic extract showed the density of extract was 1.413 g/mL ± 0.04, the water content value of 21.16% ± 0.55, total ash content 15.64% ± 0.75, acid insoluble ash content 8.282% ± 0.28, Pb contamination content 3,67 ppm, Cd contamination content <0,0043 ppm, total bacteria contamination 90.5 x 101 colony/g, and the total mold and yeast contamination of 1 x 101 colony/g.

Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) is a rich source of antioxidants, protein, minerals, vitamins, and various phytochemicals and has been used to combat malnutrition in many countries. However, despite its many benefits, MOLP has low a solubility in water, necessitating the development of ways to address this issue. To improve the solubility of MOLP, solid-dispersed Moringa oleifera leaf powders (SDMOLPs) have been developed through freeze-drying, melting, microwave irradiation, and solvent evaporation methods using polyethylene glycols (PEG4000 and PEG6000) (1:1) as hydrophilic carriers. The solid dispersions were evaluated for their proximate composition using standard analytical procedures. Elemental composition was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Water absorption capacity (WAC) and water-solubility were further evaluated as functional properties. Proximate composition revealed that MOLP and SDMOLPs were rich in protein, energy, carbohydrate, ash, and fat contents. MOLP solid dispersions are a major source of minerals (Ca, Mg, Cu, and Zn), and can be used to alleviate many mineral deficiencies. All solid dispersions had significantly higher (p < 0.05) solubilities (ranging from 54 to 64%) and WAC (ranging from 468.86 to 686.37%), relative to that of pure MOLP. The increased solubility of SDMOLPs may be attributed to the hydrogen bonds and intermolecular interactions between MOLP and the hydrophilic carriers. The results indicate that the solid dispersion technique can be successfully employed to improve the solubility of MOLP. And the solid-dispersed MOLPs with enhanced functional properties may be useful as functional ingredients in foods and beverages, dietary supplements, or nutraceutical formulations.

Trigona sp. propolis simplicia is widely used by the community as a traditional medicine that has many benefits so that this propolis can treat sore throats, flu, and support the immune system. Propolis cultivation is increasingly developing, but there is no scientific data regarding the standardization of raw propolis simplicia. This study aims to determine the standard parameters of Trigona sp. propolis simplicia from Balikpapan. Specific parameters measured on Trigona sp. propolis simplicia include organoleptic tests, identification of chemical compounds, and tests of water-soluble and ethanol extract levels. Non-specific parameters include water content tests, total ash content tests, and acid-insoluble ash content tests. Trigona sp. propolis simplicia in organoleptic tests has a solid form, a distinctive aromatic odor, a blackish brown color, and a slightly bitter sour taste. Trigona sp. propolis simplicia was positively identified as containing compounds of the alkaloid, flavonoid, triterpenoid/steroid, and tannin groups, while saponins were identified negatively. Trigona sp propolis simplicia has ethanol and water soluble extract content values ​​of 10% ± 0.008 and 14.4% ± 0.003 respectively, the water content value obtained is 1.3% ± 0.002, the total ash content and acid insoluble ash content values ​​are 3.67% ± 0.008 and 1.5% ± 0.005 respectively.