Standard of Living in the Soviet Union According to Big Anthropometric Data

ObjectiveSeveral groups have reported apparent association between month of birth and multiple sclerosis. We sought to test the extent to which such studies might be confounded by extraneous variables such as year and place of birth.MethodsUsing national birth statistics from 2 continents, we assessed the evidence for seasonal variations in birth rate and tested the extent to which these are subject to regional and temporal variation. We then established the age and regional origin distribution for a typical multiple sclerosis case collection and determined the false-positive rate expected when comparing such a collection with birth rates estimated by averaging population-specific national statistics.ResultsWe confirm that seasonality in birth rate is ubiquitous and subject to highly significant regional and temporal variations. In the context of this variation we show that birth rates observed in typical case collections are highly likely to deviate significantly from those obtained by the simple unweighted averaging of national statistics. The significant correlations between birth rates and both place (latitude) and time (year of birth) that characterize the general population indicate that the apparent seasonal patterns for month of birth suggested to be specific for multiple sclerosis (increased in the spring and reduced in the winter) are expected by chance alone.InterpretationIn the absence of adequate control for confounding factors, such as year and place of birth, our analyses indicate that the previous claims for association of multiple sclerosis with month of birth are probably false positives. ANN NEUROL 2013;73:714–720

A month of birth effect on multiple sclerosis (MS) risk has been reported from different countries. Recent critics have suggested that this finding is caused by confounding and that adequately adjusting for year and place of birth would markedly reduce this effect. All inhabitants in Norway are registered in the Norwegian Population Registry (Statistics Norway), making this an ideal area for performing adjusted analyses. Using the entire Norwegian population born between 1930 and 1979 (n = 2,899,260), we calculated the excess between observed and expected number of births for each month for 6649 Norwegian MS patients, 5711 mothers, 5247 fathers, and 8956 unaffected siblings. The analyses were adjusted for year of birth and place of birth according to the 19 counties in Norway. An unadjusted analysis revealed 13% fewer MS births than expected in February (P = 0.0015; Bonferroni corrected P = 0.018), 10% more in April (P = 0.0083; Bonferroni corrected P = 0.0996) and 15% more in December (P = 0.00058; Bonferroni corrected P = 0.007). Adjustments for both year and place of birth significantly altered our results for February and December, but even after these adjustments there were still 10% more MS births than expected in April (P = 0.00796; Bonferroni corrected P = 0.096). MS patients had a higher incidence of April births than their siblings (Fisher-exact test; P = 0.011), mothers (Fisher-exact test; P = 0.004), and fathers (Fisher-exact test; P = 0.011) without MS. Adjustments for confounding significantly affected our results. However, even after adjustments, there appears to be a persistent higher than expected frequency of April births in the MS population.

In this article, the author analyzes works on genealogy published in the periodical literature of the Ukrainian diaspora in the mid-to-late 20th – early 21st centuries. Genealogy is a specialized history subject addressing an issue of reconstitution of the past of ancestry, designation of family connections. During the Soviet period, genealogy as science did not develop, although Ukrainian genealogy studies continued thanks to scientists working in emigration. In 1963, they established Ukrainian Genealogical and Heraldry Society. Such scientists as Oleksander Ohloblyn, Viacheslav Seniutovych-Berezhnyi, Antin Kushchynskyi, Luibomyr Vynar worked on problems of Ukrainian genealogy in emigration. Their scientific work was not studied in the Soviet historiography because these scientists were considered “Ukrainian non-Soviet nationalists”. Now, the times have changed, and their scientific heritage draws more and more attention from modern researchers, but the question of the contribution of the Ukrainian diaspora periodic literature to the development of genealogy isn’t covered enough in the historiography. Ukrainian emigrated scientists published the results of their studies in such journals of the Ukrainian diaspora as Ukrainskyi Istoryk, Vyzvolnyi Shliakh, Suchasnist. On the pages of these journals, one can find genealogical explorations, historical and biography projects, autobiographical materials, dedicated to the life and work of various political persons and cultural figures. Such explorations included date and place of birth, names and surnames of parents, parents origin, and all information about the person in the article, as well as information about their spouse and children. The author believes that such interest in genealogical information by emigrated scientists could be explained, firstly, by the desire to preserve the generational bridge and memory about their origin. Secondly, researchers understood that genealogical information often shed ligh upon deeds and views of the influential personalities of that period. Moreover, genealogy can provide materials helping to find out the role and meaning of family connections and relations in the process of personality development. Comparing the publications of diaspora journals dedicated to various outstanding people to the publications in the Soviet periodical literature, we can make the following conclusions. Diaspora scientists paid more attention to the lineage of a person and tried to bring to the reader’s attention all information. At the same time, it was improper to talk about this in the Soviet Union, as it could result in negative consequences. Having analyzed the genealogical materials, published in the various periodical literature of the Ukrainian diaspora mid-to-late 20th century, the author has made the following conclusions. Ukrainian genealogical research continued thanks to scientists who worked in emigration. In their explorations, they paid attention to the lineage of a person and tried to bring all the information to the attention of the readers. Nevertheless, diaspora scientists weren’t able to conduct profound genealogical studies, because they were distanced from genealogical sources kept in the Soviet archives. For sure, it made the basis of their studies much narrower and that is why these scientists had to process the materials they brought with them or to look for new ones in the local archives and libraries.

Association of Nationwide Water Fluoridation, changes in dental care legislation, and caries-related treatment needs: A 9-year record-based cross-sectional study

Following various national HIV and AIDS awareness campaign activities under the auspices of the Ministries of Health and Education, Zimbabwe, an AIDS KABP survey was undertaken. The study sample comprised 478 high school students randomly selected and stratified to represent sex and Forms 1 through to 6. The study instrument was a 31-item questionnaire designed to assess the students' knowledge, attitudes, practices and sources of information in relation to HIV syndrome. This report reviews only that part of the study dealing with sources of information. Newspapers, television, radio and magazine were the most frequently cited sources of first information. Classmates were cited by 20% to over 30% of respondents as first sources of information. Authority figures like health workers, parents, teachers, the Church did not emerge as significant sources of first information. Doctors were identified as the most preferred source of information in future. Sources of first information were related to age, form level, sex and location of school attended. There were notable differences between boarding school respondents and day scholars. No regional differences were noted.

In the provisions of the scientific article, the author substantiates the worldview and philosophical perception of jazz dance in the cultural and artistic space of the historical period of the 20th century – early 21st century in the context of the development of modern choreographic art. As a result of the study, an expansion of ideas about the philosophy of choreographic art is formed, which is reflected in the formation of the perception of modern dance in modern science. Also, in defining the worldview of jazz dance in the artistic space, which manifests itself at all stages of its development and becomes relevant in the art criticism discourse of the late 20th - early 21st centuries, it is a logical conclusion that jazz dance has a meaningful philosophical content and tries to give answers to eternal questions. , as well as everyday problems: how not to lose everything, and if this happened, then restore strength, and restore yourself anew, how to find love, and when found, how not to get rid of it, solve all the problems of a domestic nature and the spiritual life of everyone person. Jazz dance has always been a mirror image of a person's existence, his worldview and manifestation of will, striving for originality and revealing his own individuality. The dance movement of jazz dance is always a hymn in honor of human life in its manifestations and depths of all aspects of human existence, which is clearly manifested in the dance art. One of the main philosophical properties of jazz dance is the ability to quickly and thoroughly respond to all socio-political and historical processes of society development. Reflection of cataclysms, crises and pertrubation of economic development filigree reflects the tragedy of wars and emotions, its completion from victory to defeat. It is constantly developing, forming new samples, directions and whole self-sufficient types and directions of modern dance art.

The subject of this research is the phenomenon of heterogeneity among the world's oldest Armenian diaspora. The research object is the modern Armenians living in Moscow. The author examines in detail the concept of “heterogeneity”, its essence and the need to use this term in order to comprehend the basic components of the national and cultural identity of the Armenians and its binding foundations. To describe the multi-layered nature of the Armenian diaspora, which was formed as a result of migrations for centuries, the author examines the particularities and the general formation process of the Armenian diaspora in Russia and particularly in the capital. The empirical basis of this study is the "field" materials from the year 2018 that were collected within the framework of the project “The Formative Features and the Development of the Armenian Diaspora in Moscow at the End of the 20th - Beginning of the 21st Centuries”, supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant No. 18-59-0500718. The survey of participants, representatives of the Armenian diaspora of different sex, age, place of birth and social status, was carried out in the form of a questionnaire with elements of a formalized interview. Based on the survey, the author provides a classification of the Spyurk into national-cultural subgroups, as well as a currently relevant analysis of the specifics of the Armenian diaspora's functioning in Moscow. As a result of this study, the author made a number of preliminary conclusions about the most relevant assimilation and integration trends among representatives of Moscow Armenians.

<sec><st>Background</st> Migration to high income countries can offer socio-economic advantages such as improved education, employment opportunities, housing and health care. However, environmental improvements do not necessarily translate into improved health outcomes. It is possible that the unhealthy lifestyles associated with acculturation, characterised by less physical activity and high calorie energy rich diets, counteract any potential health advantage. Adoption of such lifestyles may be particularly harmful to South Asians who for a given body mass index (BMI), have greater adiposity and an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We explored differences between Pakistani and White British women in relation to socio-economic position, lifestyle characteristics and health related pregnancy characteristics, and investigated whether these differences varied depending on the woman’s, her partner’s and both of their parents’ place of birth. </sec> <sec><st>Methods</st> We examined socio-economic position (employment status; level of education; receipt of benefits; housing tenure), lifestyle characteristics (BMI at the start of pregnancy; smoking during pregnancy) and health related pregnancy characteristics (hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; gestational diabetes; fasting glucose, postload glucose and fasting insulin at 27 weeks gestation) of 5038 Pakistani and 4412 White British women recruited to the Born in Bradford cohort study. </sec> <sec><st>Results</st> Pakistani women were less likely to be employed (OR 0.17 95% CI 0.15, 0.19), the difference being markedly less for UK born women. UK born Pakistani women were more likely, and South Asian born less likely, to be educated post 16 than White British women. Smoking was uncommon among Pakistani women. BMI was lower among Pakistani compared to White British women (mean difference -1.12 95% CI -1.43, -0.81) the difference greatest when partners were UK born irrespective of the woman’s place of birth. Pakistani women had higher fasting and postload glucose (mean difference 0.20 95% CI 0.17, 0.24; 0.37 95% CI 0.28, 0.45). </sec> <sec><st>Conclusion</st> Our results suggest that some socio-economic, lifestyle and pregnancy characteristics could be beginning to change in response to migration to the UK and that these changes can be both positive i.e. improving education and employment prospects and no evidence that being UK born has further increased the risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, and negative i.e. slight increases in smoking. </sec>

This bibliographic treatment of Christianity and social work is necessarily incomplete, reflecting the fragmented and somewhat contested nature of the topic itself. On one level, there have always been Christians practicing social work, and identifying themselves as Christian social workers, back to the earliest 19th-century roots of the profession. While it would follow from such a historical fact that there would be a well-developed and widely accepted set of ideas, frameworks, and interventions that Christian social workers could be implementing in the early 21st century, this is far from the case. In actuality, the idea that there is even a “Christian” way to do social work is extremely unsettling for some in our field, who see the negative impact of organized Christianity on many of the vulnerable populations that social work seeks to empower. Additionally, the field itself has a somewhat ahistorical reaction to the whole topic, treating it as somehow taboo to discuss the faith life of our clients, and certainly to somehow integrate our own faith experience (or lack thereof) into effective social work practice. This article seeks to correct this parochial view of Christianity and social work practice and to replace it with a more ecumenical and expansive one, albeit one that is still at an early stage in terms of its scholarly formation. The references noted here are almost all ones that were produced since the late 1990s, and that is no accident: despite being as old as social work itself, the study of Christianity and social work in academic circles is only starting to come into its own. Christianity and social work has a long and complicated history. From the early development of social work in the West, it was clear that many (though not all) social work practitioners were called to become social workers because of their faith, and many of those early social workers were Christians from a variety of Christian denominations. The Charity Organization Societies (COS) that formed first in Europe and then in the United States in the late 19th century were led and staffed by Christians who saw their mission as employing a scientific approach to solve the problems of urban poverty. The Settlement House movement, though at times explicitly secular (e.g., Jane Addams and Hull House), and focused on different approaches to help the poor than the COS, was nonetheless also heavily informed by Christian ideas of ministry and social justice. These two strands of social work practice—the COS and Settlement House movements—helped to set the framework for social work practice well into the 20th century, even as tensions persist today about what the appropriate role for religious institutions and faith-based practitioners should be in social work. It is important for social work to consider in the early 21st century how much of its early history of Christians in social work practice is still informing what social workers do today to assist their clients, and how much of it has been simply minimized or erased from social work education, practice, and policy.

The article discusses the genre of hagiography and changes in the hagiographic composition of the lives of saints of the 20th century. It is indicated that a distinctive feature of the “new” hagiographies is not only the exact indication of the year and place of birth of the saint, but also the inclusion in the text of interrogation reports, excerpts from diaries, letters, and photographs too. The genre of biographies of Russian martyrs and confessors, canonized at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries, is analysed.

Measles, despite being a vaccine-preventable disease, remains a significant global health concern. It is crucial that healthcare workers, who serve as the first line of contact with infected individuals, are properly immunized. This study aimed to investigate changes in measles seroprevalence among Ege University Faculty of Medicine students between 2010 and 2024. Medical faculty students who underwent anti-measles Immunoglobulin G screening at the Infectious Diseases Clinic of Ege University Faculty of Medicine Hospital, in İzmir, Turkey, between January 1, 2010, and January 31, 2024, were included in this study. The demographic data of the participants were recorded from the electronic patient files. The study included 1,448 medical students, of whom 51.9% (n = 751) were male, with a mean age of 21.28 ± 1.48 years. Measles seropositivity was observed in 46.1% of the participants (n = 668). Among those born between 1998 and 2004, seropositivity was 23.8%, whereas it was significantly higher, at 67.5%, in those born between 1986 and 1997 (p < 0.001). Pearson correlation analysisof measles seroprevalence by birth year revealed a strong negative and statistically significant relationship (r=-0.964, p < 0.001). When analyzed by place of birth, the lowest measles seroprevalence was observed in the Eastern Marmara region (34.5%). Our study emphasizes the substantial number of young healthcare workers who are still vulnerable to measles, posing a potential risk during outbreaks. Early screening and vaccination of medical students against vaccine-preventable diseases are essential during their education. This proactive strategy not only protects individuals but also strengthens herd immunity.

The relevance of the study is related to the unfinished nature of the formation of the Russian national-state identity. The model of national-state identity that exists in modern Russia is fragmented and somewhat amorphous, largely inheriting the semantic and structural features that crystallized earlier - at the crisis (1992-2000) and post-crisis (2001-2008) stages of its formation. The new geopolitical challenges addressed to the Russian state and society in the early 2020th also testify to the need to reassess the recent, largely contradictory experience in the formation of national identification landmarks in post-Soviet Russia. The purpose of the article is to provide a scientific and political understanding of the factors and specifics of the formation of the national-state identity of Russia in the crisis and post-crisis stages (1992-2008). Theoretical and methodological foundations of the study are based on a combination of a political and psychological approach and modern social constructivist theories. The empirical base of the study is the results of sociological surveys conducted by leading Russian academic, research and analytical organizations, as well as data obtained during the implementation of a number of research projects of a political and psychological nature. It is recorded that the crisis of nationalstate identity in 1992-2000 was determined not only by institutional and value-ideological, but also by psycho-emotional factors, among which a special place is occupied by mass frustration and atomization of the social space of Russia. It is noted that the basic factor in the gradual overcoming of the crisis of the Russian national-state identity was the building of a personalist model of power, supported by a decrease in the severity of ideological and political conflicts. The two defining trends of the post-crisis stage in the development of the Russian national-state identity were the restoration in the political consciousness of society of stable ideas about Russia as a great power and the political consolidation of most of society based on «Putin’s consensuses».

John Christian (Chris) Watson (1867P-1941) was president of the New South Wales Trades and Labor Council in 1892-94. He was the outstanding Labor man in Australia in the 1890s and became the first Federal Labor leader in 1901. He was Prime Minister from April to August 1904. Most sources give Watson's birth date and place as 9 April 1867 at Valparaiso, Chile, though there are suggestions that he was born at sea between Valparaiso and Port Chalmers (Dunedin, Otago). He was in New Zealand at a very early age. He, himself, gave Valparaiso as his birth place when he married (1) Ada Jane Low at Sydney on 27 November 1889, and (2) Antonia Mary Dowlan on 30 October 1925. But (1) in 1889 he gave his parents' names as George Thomas Watson and Martha, n?e Skinner, and (2) in 1925 as George Thomas Watson and Martha, n?e Minchin. Martha Minchin married Johan Christian Tanck at Port Chalmers on 19 January 1866; he was described as chief officer of the brig Julia, which had arrived at Port Chalmers from Talcahuano, Chile, on 24 December 1865, and departed for Guam on 2 February 1866. Witnesses were James and Ellen Martha Skinner. Martha Tank (sic) married George Thomas Watson at Waipori, Otago, on 15 February 1869. As Martha Watson she died, aged 39, and was buried in Oamaru (Otago) cemetery on 2 February 1888, leaving her husband and nine (ten) children, the eldest being a male, aged 20. Her death certificate shows that (1) she married John Tank (sic) at Waipori, when aged 18, and (2) George Watson, when aged 20. George Thomas Watson died at Oamaru on 11 July 1924, and is shown as having married Martha Minchin, when aged 28, and as having had ten children, the eldest a male aged 56. To date I have not been able to obtain a birth certificate for John Christian Watson. It may be true that he was born on 9 April 1867 at Valparaiso, or on a ship between there and New Zealand. It is highly probable that his mother was Martha Minchin (Skinner?) who married Johan Christian Tanck on 19 January 1866. And it is probable that the latter was his father, which would mean that his name was John Christian Tanck, and that he became part of the Watson family when his mother married George Thomas Watson on 15 February 1869. His age in February 1888, when his mother died, would probably have been 20 (turning 21 on 9 April) so there is a slight discrepancy in Martha Watson's death certificate, which indicates his birth year as 1868; when George Thomas Watson died on 11 July 1924, he would probably have been 57, not 56 as shown on G. T. Watson's death certificate, which also indicates a birth year of 1868. Incidentally, when he remarried in Sydney on 30 October 1925 J. C. Watson gave his age as 58 (i.e. born 1867). On his first marriage on 27 November 1889 he said he was 24 (i.e. born 1865). At this stage, the available evidence suggests strongly that John Christian Watson was the son of Johan Christian Tanck and Martha, n?e Minchin (Skinner?). I have no information on Tanck senior's death 102

BackgroundTaiwan has gone through rapid industrialization, urbanization and economic growth in the 20th and early 21st centuries. Therefore, the population has experienced significant changes in the physical and social environment during the life course, which may affect the overall adiposity. Our aim was to examine the age trajectories of height, weight and body mass index (BMI) in the Taiwanese population and to explore the influences of sex, birth cohort and education.MethodsThe sample comprised 572,358 residents between 20 and 94 years of age in Taiwan who attended at least one health examination during 1996 to 2017 in a cohort study. Repeated measures of body weight and height were collected using an auto-anthropometer. We conducted a series of linear mixed-effects growth curve models to examine the trajectory of height, weight, and BMI across the life course with stratification by sex.ResultsAge-related trajectories of BMI differed between men and women and stronger cohort effects were observed among men, with younger cohorts having higher BMI. After holding cohort and age variables constant, men with junior high or lower education were shorter, thinner and had higher BMI than men with university or higher education (effect sizes: − 3.138 cm, p < 0.001; − 2.277 kg, p < 0.001; 0.121 kg/m2, p < 0.001, respectively). Women with junior high or lower education were shorter, heavier and had higher BMI than women with university or higher education (effect sizes: − 2.368 cm, p < 0.001; 2.417 kg, p < 0.001; 1.691 kg/m2, p < 0.001, respectively). The educational disparities in BMI were found to be larger among women.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that younger generations, especially men, and lower educational level individuals, particularly women, have increasing levels of BMI. The influence of age and cohort effects together with sex and educational disparities on adiposity should be highlighted when designing future interventions and policies regarding overweight and obesity.

Delay in initiating therapeutic hypothermia (TH) for neonatal encephalopathy (NE) reduces neuroprotection in experimental studies.[1] We aimed to investigate the factors influencing initiation of TH and achieving target rectal temperature (TTrec) in NE infants cooled between 2008 and 2010 at Southmead Hospital, Bristol.Methods: Eligibility criteria from TOBY trial [2]were used to cool NE infants. Data collected on our cohort of 49 babies included weight, sex, gestation, year & place of birth, cardiac compressions, intubation at birth, APGAR scores, cord pH & base deficit, age of initiating TH and reaching TTrec. Age of initiating TH was classified as early (< 1h) or late (>1h). Time required to reach TTrec was calculated as difference between age of initiating TH and reaching TTrec. Logistic regression and multiple linear regression (SPSS v15) were used.Results: The cohort‘s baseline characteristics were mean (SD) weight (3252g (770)), gestation (39.7 weeks (1.79)) and female (41%). Early initiation of TH was associated with cardiac compressions (60% vs 22%, p=0.02), year of birth (2008 (23%), 2009 (29%), 2010 (47%)) and 10min APGAR score (median (IQR) 5(3,6) vs 6(5,7), p=0.05). Cardiac compressions (OR 4.7, 95% CI (1.24, 17.9)) independently predicted early initiation of TH. Each 100g increase in birth weight significantly increased the time required to reach TTrec by 7, 95% CI (2, 13) minutes.Conclusion: Cardiac compressions may increase clinicians‘ awareness of the need for TH and heavier babies require longer periods of cooling to reach target temperature.