Abstract
This two-part review paper is attended to the urban climate. After referring to the spatial and temporal scales as well as to the historical developments in urban climate, Part 1 introduces the methods of measuring urban climate parameters and the characteristics of the urban climate in relation to its rural surroundings. Examples are given for some central-European cities. The premises and causes of the urban climate are discussed: the conversion of natural ground cover into sealed surfaces, anthropogenic heat release and emissions of air pollutants. The importance of factors like the behaviour of thermal and hydrological properties of urban surfaces which influence urban climate in the micro-and mesoscale are described by means of some examples. Implications for the resulting energy balance of urban surfaces are quantified in terms of the sub-surface heat flux, the sensible and latent heat flux densites.Part 2 (Main features and effects) describes the features and human-biometeorological effects of the urban climate, takes up planning aspects and discusses the impact of global warming to urban climate.
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