Abstract
Evaporites are widely distributed within continental “red beds” in the Lanping–Simao Basin, west Yunnan, China. Sr (Strontium), S (Sulfur), and O (Oxygen) isotope compositions have been measured on 54 sulfate or/and sulfate-bearing samples collected from Lanping, Nuodeng, Jinggu, Mengyejing, Baozang throughout the Lanping–Simao Basin. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of all samples (0.708081 to 0.710049) are higher than those of contemporaneous seawater, indicating a significant continental contribution to the drainage basin. Sulfates in the Lanping Basin have higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.709406 to 0.710049) than those (0.708081 to 0.709548) in the Simao Basin. Nevertheless, the δ34S values of gypsums (13.4‰ to 17.6‰) in Lanping and Baozang fall within the range of Cretaceous seawater. Gypsums from a single section in Baozang have trends of decreasing δ34S values and increasing 87Sr/86Sr ratios from base to top, indicating continental input played an increasingly significant role with the evaporation of brines. High δ34S values (20.5‰ to 20.7‰) of celestites in Lanping are probably caused by bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) process in which 34S were enriched in residual sulfates and/or recycling of Triassic evaporites. The reduced δ34S values of gypsums (9.5‰ to 10.4‰) in Nuodeng could have been caused by oxidation of sulfides weathered from Jinding Pb-Zn deposit. The complex O isotope compositions indicate that sulfates in the Lanping–Simao Basin had undergone sulfate reduction, re-oxidation, reservoir effects, etc. In conclusion, the formation of continental evaporites was likely derived from seawater due to marine transgression during the Cretaceous period. Meanwhile, non-marine inflows have contributed to the basin significantly.
Highlights
The Lanping–Simao Basin hosts the only ancient potash deposit ever found in China [1], and a great quantity of metallic mineral resources which have a close relationship with evaporites, especially sulfates [2,3,4,5]
We present S, Sr, and O isotopic compositions of continental lacustrine evaporites, which occurred in Mesozoic-Cenozoic
Gypsum aggregates are usually present as two forms, i.e., gypsum laminae with fine-grained crystals and selenite macrocrystallines
Summary
The Lanping–Simao Basin hosts the only ancient potash deposit ever found in China [1], and a great quantity of metallic mineral resources which have a close relationship with evaporites, especially sulfates [2,3,4,5]. Evaporites were primarily formed within the Triassic and Cretaceous periods during the evolution of the basin. The metallic-associated gypsums in the Sanhedong Formation, upper Triassic, was marine origin [2,14], whereas the sources of evaporites within Cretaceous continental “red beds” remain a subject of debate. Li et al (2015) [16] suggested a major continental origin based on geochemical evidence of the Mengyejing potash deposit
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