Abstract
The emergence of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has raised concerns about the effectiveness of existing COVID-19 vaccines. Initially, spike protein was identified as a key target for vaccine development, leading to the creation of mRNA vaccines like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, which have shown high efficacy. The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 involves both innate and adaptive systems, with B and T lymphocytes playing crucial roles. Protein-based subunit vaccines have also demonstrated effectiveness. However, the ongoing evolution of the virus necessitates the exploration of strategies such as developing new vaccines, updating existing ones, and administering booster shots. Ongoing research and adaptation of vaccination strategies are essential in the battle against COVID-19.
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