Sport, citizenship and nationality – from antiquity to the present

Project Alliancing – The Process Architecture of a Relationship Based Project Delivery System for Complex Infrastructure Projects

Project alliances are a contemporary approach for managing complex construction projects. In order to succeed, they require establishment of trust and collaborative ways of working, calling for fundamental changes in the behaviors and values among organizational members taking part in them. The increasing use of project alliancing may therefore influence the underlying values, norms and regulations within the construction sector, and hence contribute to the cultural change within the construction industry by large. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the understanding of the cultural change that is produced by the use of project alliances, focused on collaborative behaviors. The research particularly develops knowledge on the mechanisms through which the use of project alliances may shape the industry culture. Data were collected from the Finnish construction sector, where alliance projects are increasingly popular. Central industry representatives were interviewed, and data content analysed. The findings reveal that industry level cultural change related to project alliances is a continuously evolving process and an outcome of change events and purposeful cultural change work at multiple levels including individuals, organizations, networks and construction industry. The results therefore draw attention to the role of multi-level interactions in advancing cultural change, which has to date received limited attention. The findings on the role of individuals’ career paths and trajectories are also novel, as they implicate that individual level movement and cultural orientation may play a more significant role in cultural change dynamics within project-based industries than has been acknowledged

Multicultural citizenship has provided a terrific liberal philosophical framework to justify respect for cultural minorities and their fair accommodation in contexts marked by cultural disadvantages. However, the importance it provides to societal culture in order to fulfil individual's autonomy entails a metaphysical aspect (i.e societal culture as an instrumental condition for autonomy) which calls into question the full inclusion of all individuals in multicultural societies. This paper maintains that the conception of citizenship in Multicultural citizenship should be independent of metaphysical assumptions and strengthen in its political underpinnings. Kymlicka's view on citizenship is based on liberal rights and the constitutional recognition of minorities. It does not address the process of citizenship, and how a conception of performative citizenship can be conceived to address claims for recognition in ways that produce legitimate, inclusive and inter-subjectively shared outcomes, especially with regard to an inclusive national identity. Multicultural citizenship provides principled legal modalities to accommodate multicultural societies, but does not clearly address the political modalities supporting such accommodations. It thus entails a danger of a de-politicization of citizenship; and a de-politicized citizenship, is not citizenship anymore. The article tasks to figuring out the political and democratic conditions allowing accommodations to be endorsed by all affected individuals in the name of a common and justified conception of democratic citizenship and inclusive conception of the nation.

Introduction – Explaining party bans, political and legal contexts – Banned parties and banning states in Europe, the political context – Nature of banned parties – Nature of banning states – Tolerant and intolerant democracies, the legal context – Evolving rationales for party bans and procedures for proscription – Contemporary rationales for banning parties – Anti-democratic ideology – Non-democratic internal organisation – Party names – Party orientation to violence – Protecting the present order – Evolving rationales for party bans – Weimar and legitimacy paradigms – Conclusions, directions for future research

The connection between the Late Bronze Age (LBA) Aegean costumes and social, cultural and political changes is a rather unexplored topic. Probably the only exception are kilts, the connection of which to such changes on Crete during the 15th century BCE remains a commonly discussed topic in studies focusing on the LBA Aegean iconography and other data sets. However, many questions remain open and the topic is far from exhausted. In this paper I build on the work of various scholars who have studied LBA Aegean kilts in the context of social, political and cultural changes. I diachronically study the changes in the representations of kilts since the beginning of the LBA in the Aegean until the end of the Palatial period on the Greek Mainland (ca. 1700/1600–1200 BCE). Moreover, I examine the spatial distribution of specific kilt types in different periods. In cases of several different kilt types appearing in contemporary contexts in the same region, I explore whether similar costumes might have had different social connotations within the same communities. Moreover, I examine the influence of elite power structures and socio-political changes on the perception of kilts. However, I do not observe kilts as passive reflections of specific social, cultural and political contexts, but rather as material forms actively used in the creation of social realities.

Reactions to the Law by Minority Religions is the third volume in a series of books initiated by INFORM devoted to the issue of minority religions and law. (INFORM is an independent educational charity based in London that focuses on minority religions and sects.) As co-editor Eileen Barker puts it, previous volumes published in the series have mainly concentrated on the place of minority religions in various political and legal contexts, while this latest book focuses on the way minority religions have reacted to the law. This volume enlarges research into minority religions by considering the wider picture of religion, law, and politics, particularly by providing the perspectives of minority religions to these social institutions and interactions with them. The editors have expanded the circle of contributors by inviting not only scholars from various disciplines—such as sociologists, anthropologists, lawyers—but other professionals as well as the members of minority religions. In other words, readers will find chapters written by scholars engaged for a long time in research on minority religions along with chapters written by human rights’ activists and adherents of minority religions.The book contains thirteen papers, providing wide range of perspectives into the way minority religions have reacted to the law in diverse geographical areas and different political systems, including democratic and authoritarian countries. Global north societies, however, are mainly represented. Groups covered include Japanese Tenrikyo and Aum Shinrikyo, the Estonian pagan group House of Tara, the Doukhobors in Canada, the Church of Almighty God in China, and the Unification Church, Scientology, Jehovah Witnesses, Essenes, and others. Contributors examine a variety of minority religions and their attempts to respond to the law, to challenge existing legal norms, and to find their own place in the existing legal frameworks. The cases discussed involve the reader in the historical circumstances of social inclusion of minority religions and very recent attempts by Western countries to exclude minority religions persecuted in authoritarian countries. In addition, the volume provides an overview of minority religions’ attempts to secure their rights with the help of international institutions, such as the Council of Europe, the European Court of Human Rights, and the United Nations. Finally, the book concludes with helpful theoretical generalizations on the way minority religions react to the law in contemporary society.In general, the volume is grounded on rich material based on various methodological approaches that contain historical and recent legal document and literature analyses, as well as empirical research with interviews and participant observation. The reader is able to compare and contrast how diverse minority religions act under various social and political conditions, and to consider what measures are taken in the fights for their rights. The strength of the volume lies in the assortment of cases, countries, and approaches, but one may also say that weakness also lies within the same diversity, as usually it might be seen as limiting more in-depth analysis. The evaluation at this point would depend on the position of the scholar and their expectations for the volume. In my opinion, the theoretical background for this book is solid and empirically grounded. The wealth of material presented invites the reader to contemplate further applications in future research.Reactions to the Law by Minority Religions contributes to understanding minority religions, their role and place in contemporary societies and states. It might well serve as a handbook for scholars of religions, sociologists, anthropologists, lawyers, and political scientists working in the field of religion, law, and politics. The variety of cases analyzed might be valuable material for courses in sociology, anthropology, political science, and law. The contributions from members of minority religions and their interpretations might serve as a solid background for additional research into those groups and their relations with society and state. Finally, the volume should be of interest for general readers looking at the way minority religions find their way through various legal and political contexts. By doing so, readers are reminded of the complicated issues that majority/minority boundaries create and how much effort and how many sacrifices minority religions might need to make in order to be recognized.

A Revolutionary Narrative of European History: Bonneville's <i>History of Modern Europe</i> (1789–1792)

There has been an explosion of interest in the concept of citizenship among political theorists. In 1978, it could be confidently stated that "the concept of citizenship has gone out of fashion among political thinkers" (van Gunsteren 1978, p. 9). Fifteen years later, citizenship has become the "buzz word" among thinkers on all points of the political spectrum (Heater 1990, p. 293; Vogel and Moran 1991, p. x). There are a number of reasons for this renewed interest in citizenship in the 1990s. At the level of theory, it is a natural evolution in political discourse because the concept of citizenship seems to integrate the demands ofjustice and community membership-the central concepts of political philosophy in the 1970s and 1980s, respectively. Citizenship is intimately linked to ideas of individual entitlement on the one hand and of attachment to a particular community on the other. Thus it may help clarify what is really at stake in the debate between liberals and communitarians. Interest in citizenship has also been sparked by a number of recent political events and trends throughout the world-increasing voter apathy and long-term welfare dependency in the United States, the resurgence of nationalist movements in Eastern Europe, the stresses created by an increasingly multicultural and multiracial population in Western Europe, the backlash against the welfare state in Thatcher's England, the failure of environmental policies that rely on voluntary citizen cooperation, and so forth. These events have made clear that the health and stability of a modern democracy depends, not only on the justice of its 'basic structure' but also on the qualities and attitudes of its citizens:' for example,

A nursing perspective following McIntyre and McDonald’s framework was used to unpack the complex issue of challenges faced by transgender people in the Canadian healthcare system, considering historical, ethical, legal, social, cultural, political, and economic perspectives. Transgender people have unique healthcare needs which are often misunderstood or unaddressed by healthcare professionals, leading to poorer outcomes and inequities. Issues concerning transgender people are becoming a focus and a higher priority for society. This literature review reveals the complexity of this issue as the roots in historical, ethical, legal, social, cultural, political, and economic contexts are explored. A variety of barriers and facilitators exist to addressing and resolving this issue, including transgender people avoiding healthcare, intolerance, lack of knowledge and understanding, lack of healthcare provider training, media representation, and economic costs. The analysis of this issue can be used to inform resolution strategies to utilize facilitators and overcome barriers, including increasing awareness and knowledge, improving education and healthcare provider competency, and utilizing nurse leaders as advocates, role models, and agents of change. Improving care of transgender people is a nursing leadership priority. By implementing the suggested resolution strategies, the healthcare system can begin to move towards a more inclusive, understanding, and holistic model of care to improve healthcare access and outcomes for transgender people.

This paper calls into questions some assumptions about citizenship which are more or less taken for granted in academic, political and social contexts. Such assumptions include: That there is a clearly defined conceptual link between citizenship and the identity of citizens. That conceptions of citizenship – and, therefore, of citizenship education – inevitably vary from one cultural context to another; That the values underpinning citizenship are public or objective; and That the concept of citizenship has moral or ethical connotations which justify the inclusion of citizenship (or civics) education in school curricula; I argue that with respect to individuals, matters of identity are not directly tied to citizenship or to any other “collectivist” conception. Instead, these identity conditions are grounded in the actual concept of person, and are best construed in relational terms.

This study explores the ways in which a group of secondary teachers in Jamaica think about and understand citizenship and considers how these understandings are informed by the social, economic and political context. The study utilizes an analytic framework of minimal versus critical conceptions of citizenship to highlight the calls by scholars and academics for conceptions of citizenship to reflect concern for issues of fairness, justice and democracy. The findings highlight that while the views of citizenship held by these teachers may be regarded by some as not sufficiently robust, an interpretation of these conceptions in light of the economic, social and political context reveals great complexity.

The challenge of delivering construction projects that serve their intended purpose while meeting value-formoney criteria has confronted the construction industry in many countries. The call for a change in culture in project delivery organizations and their clients has also been well documented. The response to these challenges has been a shift from traditional project delivery towards a relational approach that has been gaining momentum for highly complex and/or highly time-constrained infrastructure construction projects. An especially instructive development in this trend has been the growth in project alliancing in Australasia. Literature on project alliancing and related comparable forms of project delivery indicates that this way of performing project business requires an entirely new set of project management (PM) behaviours and a new working atmosphere, environment and ambience within which to work. Traditional PM is carried out in a highly competitive environment, with little or no risk sharing between the various professions and trades involved in project delivery. Alliance projects, in the form used in Australasia, depend upon close relationships between all relevant stakeholders and participants from project concept to delivery and this supports a positive workplace ambience. The depth of this relationship and gain/pain sharing is demonstrated through the alliancing principles and alliance code of practice developed at the project team-formation stage. Research results presented in this paper describe the ambience of alliance projects. They extend our knowledge of project alliancing, the behaviours expected of project team members and the motivations that drive alliance managers (AMs). Reported findings also capture rich insights into the lived experience of project AMs and reveal the nature of the workplace ambience.

While most therapists report that they do disclose some information about themselves to their clients, therapist self-disclosure continues to be both controversial and nebulous in clinical theory, research, and practice. This article considers what makes therapist self-disclosure so challenging to define and study and provides an overview of the empirical and theoretical literature. It then concludes with a consideration of therapist self-disclosure in contemporary legal, ethical, and technological contexts of clinical work.

This paper argues that UK insurance companies should abandon their policy of charging differential premiums and offering differential benefits to women and men on the basis of gender specific morbidity and mortality tables. The 1975 Sex Discrimination Act (SDA) permits such practices, although subsequent legal judgements, particularly in the European Court, have challenged aspects of them. However, the spirit of the SDA, as of recent European Community legislation, is to outlaw unequal treatment which arguably reflects unfair, culturally-based or outdated stereotypes about the capabilities and the needs of either sex. Firstly, this paper considers the contemporary legal and statutory context, as regards differential treatment of women and men, in which British insurance companies operate. Secondly, it discusses certain conflicting views as to whether such differentiation is either ‘fair’ to the insured or commercially necessary for the continued viability of the insurance industry, drawing on debates in this country and the United States. The paper concludes with some suggestions as to how changes might be introduced, on a legislative or voluntary basis.

&lt;p&gt;El presente artículo constituye parte del marco teórico que han realizado, en torno al concepto de ciudadanía, los investigadores del semillero de investigación en formación ciudadana y cultura de la legalidad “Sophia”. Se abordan sucintamente las consideraciones más significativas que se han construido sobre el concepto de ciudadanía, desde su nacimiento en la antigüedad y la versión de la modernidad consolidada, finalmente, en la democracia liberal. Este recorrido se ha realizado desde una perspectiva ontológica, epistemológica, antropológica y política del concepto. Finalmente se presenta un esbozo de las características del contexto en el cual se está reconfigurando el concepto heredado de la modernidad, así como los retos éticos y políticos que nos propone esta época para el futuro, con la recuperación de la ciudadanía como participación. Con lo anterior, se espera contribuir a la reflexión sobre el problema de la formación ciudadana en perspectiva histórica.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;