Spiders (Araneae) Associated with Green Bean Cultivation (Phaseolus vulgaris ) at Giza Governorate, Egypt

Effect of different intercropping systems of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) plants and spraying with sweet basil oils on population of Green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) L. pests (Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), Liriomyza trifolii (Burg.) and Tetrenchys urticae (Koch)) under three agricultural ecosystems namely; plastic greenhouse, scaffold net greenhouse and open field, an experimentwas carried out inside greenhouse experimental area at Dokki, Giza Governorate during 2012. According to interaction between of intercropping system and agricultural ecosystems on the level infestation with certain green bean pests, it is clear that, plastic greenhouse harboured the highest number of pests infesting green bean plants while the open field had the lowest number of pests whereas, the scaffold net greenhouse was intermediate as a result to spraying with basil oil is the best method to reduction the number of pests attacking green bean irrespective of intercropping with basil plants or cultivating under plastic or scaffold net greenhouse.

There is little information on the tolerance of leguminous crops to saflufenacil. A field study was conducted three times over a 2-yr period (2006, 2007) in Ontario, Canada, to determine the tolerance of adzuki bean, cranberry bean, lima bean, processing pea, snap bean, soybean, and white (navy) bean to saflufenacil applied PRE at 100 and 200 g ai/ha. Saflufenacil caused 51 to 99% injury, reduced height 25 to 93%, reduced shoot dry weight 92 to 99%, and reduced seed yield 56 to 99% in adzuki bean, cranberry bean, lima bean, snap bean, and white bean. Injury was lower in soybean and processing pea. Saflufenacil caused 1 to 25% injury, reduced height 3 to 13%, reduced shoot dry weight 5 to 30%, and reduced seed yield 0 to 4% in soybean and processing pea. Cranberry bean, snap bean, white bean, and lima bean were the most sensitive crops to saflufenacil followed by adzuki bean. Soybean and processing pea were the most tolerant to saflufenacil. Based on these results, saflufenacil applied PRE can be safely used in specific cultivars of pea and soybean at the proposed rate of 100 g/ha. However, there is not an acceptable margin of crop safety for saflufenacil PRE at 100 or 200 g/ha in adzuki, cranberry, lima, snap, and white bean.

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) have a damaging impact on global common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivation, causing potential yield losses of over 80%. The primary strategy for controlling these viruses is through host plant resistance. This research aimed to identify and validate structural variations for the bc-ud gene as revealed by long-read sequencing, develop an efficient DNA marker to assist selection of bc-ud in snap and dry beans, and examine the interactions between the bc-ud allele and other BCMV resistance genes. A gene (Phvul.005G125100) model on chromosome Pv05, encoding a vacuolar protein-sorting 4 (Vps4) AAA+ ATPase endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) protein, was identified as the best candidate gene for bc-ud. An 84-bp repetitive insertion variant within the gene, exhibited 100% co-segregation with the bc-ud resistance allele across 264 common bean accessions. The 84-bp repetitive insertion was labeled with an indel marker IND_05_36225873 which was useful for tracking the bc-ud allele across diverse germplasm. A different single nucleotide polymorphism variant within the same candidate gene was associated with the bc-4 gene. Segregation in F2 populations confirmed bc-ud and bc-4 were alleles, so bc-4 was renamed bc-ur to fit gene nomenclature guidelines. The interactions of bc-ud and bc-ur with other resistance genes, such as bc-1 (receptor-like kinase on Pv03) and bc-2 (Vps4 AAA+ ATPase ESCRT protein on Pv11), validated gene combinations in the differential "host groups" effective against specific BCMV/BCMNV "pathogroups." These findings increase our understanding of the Bc-u locus, and enhance our ability to develop more resilient bean varieties through marker-assisted selection, reducing the impact of BCMV and BCMNV.

This study was conducted during 2009 and 2010 seasons in Giza governorate in order to estimate the population abundanceof major pest Liriomyza trifolii of the common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), (Burgess). The percentage of parasitism by Diglyphus isaea (Walker) was also investigated. The population of pest larvae differed during the period of investigation and reached its maximum level on November 28th (62.5 Larvae/20 leaves) and on November 20th (24.8 larvae/20 leaves), during 2009 and 2010 seasons respectively. The percentage of parasitism by Diglyphus isaea (Walker). reached its maximum on November 21st (21.8%) and on November 13th (21.6%) during 2009 and 2010 seasons, respectively.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of certain factors on population of Thrips tabaci & Bemisia tabaci on common bean Phaseolus vulgaris (polesta cultivar) in relation to certain weather factors with regard to their natural enemies. The results showed that during two seasons' survey 8 insect pests belonging to 5 families under 4 orders and 2predators. However Order: Thysanoptera: Thripidae, Thrips tabaci, Order: Hemiptera: Aphididae, Aphis craccivora and Aleyrodidae, Bemisia tabaci, Order: Diptera: Agromyzidae, Ophiomyia phaseoli, Melanogromyza phaseoli and Lirimyza trifolii as insect pasts and Order: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Spodoptera litoralis, as insect visitors. However Order: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae, Coccinella undecim punctate, and Neuroptera: Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla carnea were represented by the most famous predators under Egyptian condition in addition to 2 prevailing climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity). These two pests; T. tabaci and B. tabaci were recorded three beaks during 1st and 2nd seasons. The means number of tested insect pests was higher during second season than the first seasons. T. tabaci and B. tabaci began start appear in the 2nd week of December, late January and the 3 week of 1st week of March in two successive years, these insects are dangerous insect pests in P. vulgaris plants fields. The combination effect of climatic factors and plant age and natural enemies on T. tabaci & B. tabaci population density was presented as explained variance which was 67 and 90% of T. tabaci and 88 and 89% of B. tabaci in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.

Phaseolus vulgaris L. is the major pulse cultivated and culturally inculcated in the food habits of the locals in the Himalayan mountainous region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. The current study was designed to investigate the role of P. vulgaris cultivation in providing livelihood support and to evaluate its production and consumption patterns correlated with the household variables in the state of AJK. The socio-economic data was collected from nine bean cultivated areas in six districts of AJK. The data was acquired by administrating a total of 522 detailed semi structured questionnaires from a diverse array of the respondents following the snowball technique focusing on yield, consumption, revenue generation and livelihood support provided by bean cultivation. The results revealed that common bean cultivation provided significant livelihood support to the local mountainous populations with an average annual income of 50.80 $/family. Subsequently, bean production contributed an average annual per capita income of 6.81 $ in the area, which was attributed to the large family size. Local populations showed an average bean production of 33.93 kg/family, whereas the average annual bean consumption was recorded as 31.99 kg/family in the region. Bean crops were recorded to have an average price of $1.49/kg, with significant variations in the study area correlated with local yield. A data analysis indicated a strong correlation in bean production and consumption patterns. Common bean farmers had a very small farm size, averaging 0.24 ha, where 100% of farmers cultivated common beans as an intercrop with Maize as the primary crop. A Pearson’s test (p value < 0.05) revealed significant correlations between land holding and bean production as well as consumption, and bean production with annual per capita income. Small farm size, declining soil fertility, low bean pricing and the unavailability of market mechanisms were identified as the major challenges faced by the common bean farmers. It is recommended to employ an integrated bean farming approach to enhance the economic impact of common bean cultivation in the socioeconomic appraisal of the local populations.

Pyramiding epistatic resistance genes to improve long term disease resistance has challenged plant breeders. Indirect selection using tightly linked markers will often facilitate the breeding of desired epistatic resistance gene combinations. In common bean, the most effective strategy for broad spectrum control of the bean common mosaic virus disease is to combine I, bc-u, bc-1 2, bc-2 2, and bc-3 genes. We describe the use of near-isogenic lines and bulked segregant analysis to identify a marker tightly linked with the bc-1 2 gene. The recessive bc-1 2 gene conditions resistance to specific strains of bean common mosaic virus and bean common mosaic necrosis virus and is masked by the bc-2 2 and bc-3 genes. We identified a RAPD marker completely linked (0 recombinants) with bc-1 2, based on 72 F3 progeny generated from a cross between the contrasting near isogenic lines (I + bc-1/I + bc-1 2). Segregation in this I gene background revealed that bc-1 2 was dominant to bc-1 in conferring resistance to top necrosis in the allelic series Bc-1 > bc-1 2 > bc-1. To facilitate marker-assisted selection of bc-1 2 across breeding programs, the RAPD was converted to a SCAR marker, designated SBD51300. Tight linkage (0 recombinants) was confirmed in a second population of 58 F2 progeny co-segregating for SBD51300 and bc-1 2 gene from a different source. Based on a survey of 130 genotypes, the SCAR will be useful for MAS of bc-1 2 in most beans of Middle American origin and snap beans, but will have very limited utility in the case of kidney and cranberry beans. The SBD51300 marker mapped on linkage group B3, revealing independence of bc-1 2 from the I gene on B2 and bc-3 gene on B6, which supports the opportunity to readily combine genes for broad spectrum and pyramided resistance to bean common mosaic potyviruses in a single bean cultivar.

ABSTRACTThis paper attempts to measure the sustainable performance of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivation, a livelihood component in Eastern Himalayan Region (EHR). The objectives of the study were to examine the role, and the sustainable performance of French bean as a livelihood component in EHR. Altogether, 240 French bean growers had included from two selected districts of Nagaland, EHR. The contribution of French bean cultivation, contribution from other livelihood activities and annual expenditure pattern, 12 parameters under each of 4 indicators (economic, social, human and environmental) of sustainability were assessed. A relationship was established between the sustainability index and the livelihood index. French bean cultivation was ranked as the first, and other livelihood activities in descending order are; livestock-based, crop-based (excluding French bean), Off-farm, and forest-based livelihood. Despite less income from French bean cultivation than other countries, it is contributing about 43.00% to annual income and 73.00% to the yearly expenditure of growers. Thus French bean cultivation is a sustainable livelihood component. The study adopted a framework that can assess the sustainable performance of other crops/activities under similar/different agroecology. The policy process should emphasize higher productivity and more income from it and bring all-round development of the EHR.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important grain legumes for direct human consumption worldwide. However, several diseases limit its production and deteriorate quality of bean. Hence, breeding for disease resistance is of global importance in common bean which is addressed with emphasis on conventional and molecular breeding strategies. Disease resistance does not directly increase yield, but in the absence of adequate levels of resistance to diseases like viruses (bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV)), similarly, fungal diseases like anthracnose (ANT), angular leaf spot (ALS), powdery mildew (PWM) and rust and bacterial diseases like common bacterial blight (CBB), halo blight and other major diseases, bean yields will fall below optimum. Adequate levels of disease resistance to a number of pathogens are needed to help stabilize dry bean yield. Therefore, breeders need to recognize the disease constraints within their production zones and restrict resistance breeding to these specific pathogens. Given this constraint, breeders attempt to choose parents that are genetically diverse based on measures such as the coefficient of parentage (CP) and could be have higher disease resistance level. On the other hand, conventional plant breeding relies on the discovery, phenotypic selection and introgression of disease-resistant gene to develop superior cultivars. This process usually takes 7–10 years and significant economic resources. However, the application of marker-assisted selection (MAS), for the detection of genes or genomic regions underlying a trait of interest, can increase the genetic gain over phenotypic selection in breeding programs by reducing time and costs. Till date, more than 30 individual genes for disease resistance and a similar number of genes for QTL underlying major traits with significant impact to common bean cultivation in the tropics have been successfully linked with markers. The current status of MAS in breeding for resistance to angular leaf spot, anthracnose, bean common mosaic and bean common mosaic necrosis viruses, common bacterial blight, halo blight and rust is discussed in this chapter. In addition to that, examples are given of gene tagging for major disease that are important for bean breeding for tropical environments and aspects considered that contribute to successful application of MAS. Subsequently, the use of markers for disease resistance traits in marker-assisted backcrossing and introgression across Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools is suggested.

The most effective control of Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) is achieved by using the seeds of resistant cultivars. During conventional breeding, resistance against BCMV and BCMNV in common bean can be developed by pyramiding the strain-nonspecific dominant I gene with strain-specific recessive (bc-) resistance genes for long-term virus control. In this study, a total of 58 bean genotypes involving registered green and dry bean cultivars, local genotypes, and breeding lines were tested for the presence of known resistance genes. First of all, each genotype was inoculated with the NL-3 strain of BCMNV and the NL-4 strain of BCMV separately, and the plants were evaluated for the symptom appearance and tested by DAS-ELISA to confirm the presence or absence of the virus after three weeks of sap-inoculation. In the last part of the study, the resistance genes in bean genotypes were investigated by SCAR markers of SW-13 linked with the I gene and SBD-5 linked to bc-12. According to the phenotypic and molecular tests, out of 58 common bean genotypes tested, 37 involved the I gene, and seven and three genotypes contained bc-22 and bc-12 genes, respectively.

Virus-like symptoms of leaf deformation and rugosity, especially of younger leaves, and a mild mosaic were observed on fresh market common (green) bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants in Hendry County in southwest Florida in December of 2007 and again in February of 2008. All bean fields were adjacent to watermelon fields in which Cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV), Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV), and Papaya ringspot virus type W (PRSV-W) infections had previously been confirmed (fall of 2007) by PCR, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, and/or ELISA. Whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci, were observed on both bean and watermelon plants in December and February. Fifteen samples (eleven with symptoms) were collected in December and two (both with symptoms) in February. Initial ELISA assays using commercially available antisera for potyviruses or Cucumber mosaic virus (Agdia, Elkhart, IN) were negative. Total nucleic acids were extracted and used for PCR testing. All samples tested negative by RT-PCR using specific primers for SqVYV, PRSV-W, and Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus, and degenerate primers for potyviruses. Ten of fifteen December samples (ten of eleven symptomatic samples) and both February samples yielded PCR products of the expected size with the degenerate begomovirus primers, PAR1c496/PAL1v1978, which amplify a portion of the begomovirus A component (3). PCR products from three December and both February samples were cloned and sequenced. The 1,159-nt PCR products shared 99% identity with each other and 96% identity with the corresponding region of A component sequences of Arizona and California CuLCrV isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. AF256200 and AF224760, respectively). Additional degenerate begomovirus primers PBL1v2040/PCRc154, which amplify a 381-nt portion of the hypervariable region of the begomovirus B component (3), and AC1048/AV494, which amplify a 533-nt portion of a conserved region of the coat protein gene (4), were used to confirm the identity of CuLCrV in the three December samples. The PBL1v2040/PCRc154 PCR products shared 98 to 99% identity with each other and 94 to 95% identity with the corresponding region of B component sequences of Arizona and California CuLCrV isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. AF327559 and AF224761, respectively), whereas the AC1048/AV494 PCR products shared 99% identity with each other and 97% identity with the corresponding region of A component sequences of Arizona and California CuLCrV isolates. Nucleic acid dot-blot hybridization assays of sap from homogenized leaves of the three December samples (from which the PCR product clones were obtained) with a digoxigenin-labeled CuLCrV cDNA probe also confirmed the presence of CuLCrV. Although CuLCrV has been reported to experimentally infect common bean and tobacco (2), to our knowledge, this is the first report of CuLCrV infecting any noncucurbit host in Florida. This finding suggests that CuLCrV may be more widely distributed than previously known in Florida (1) and that common bean (and potentially other legumes) are potential reservoirs for CuLCrV.

The field experiment was conducted at farmer's field with the application of human and cattle urine as liquid fertilizer or nutrient sources on ashgourd [ Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cong.], French bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L .), pole bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) and pumpkin ( Cucurbita maxima ) as test crops at Nagasandra village, Doddaballapur, Bangalore rural district from 2009 to 2011. The objective of the study was to know the effect of repeated application of human urine and cattle urine on soil properties and yield of vegetable crops. Application of recommended dose of nitrogen through human urine in three split doses plus gypsum recorded higher yield (39.2,14.2, 17.4 and 38.7 t ha -1 , for ashgourd, French bean, pole bean and pumpkin, respectively) and it was at par with recommended dose of nitrogen through cattle urine in three splits plus gypsum (T 14 : 38.0, 14.1, 16.6 and 37.5 t ha -1 , for ashgourd, French bean, pole bean and pumpkin, respectively) and recommended dose of fertilizers (T 2 : 36.7, 13.7, 15.8 and 36.8 t ha -1 , for ashgourd, French bean, pole bean and pumpkin, respectively). Significantly higher primary, secondary and micronutrient content in soil were recorded with recommended dose of nitrogen through human urine in three split doses plus gypsum at harvest of ashgourd crop. The trend of variation in available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of soil recorded at harvest of ashgourd was retained in subsequent seasons when French bean, pole bean and pumpkin crops were grown in sequence after ashgourd crop in the same plots receiving same treatments.

Snap and common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are severely affected by Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) infection, so far the only begomovirus reported on these crops in Brazil (1). Samples of snap and common beans colonized by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotype B and displaying golden mosaic, chlorotic spots, and leaf distortion were collected in three production regions in Goiás State (Goianápolis, Luziânia, and Itaberaí) between 2003 and 2007. Total DNA extracted from leaf samples was used as template in PCR assays using universal primers targeting conserved regions of the DNA-A and DNA-B genomes (3). Begomovirus-specific amplicons were observed only with DNA template from symptomatic plants. Two single amplicons were observed for both genomic segments, indicating the presence of bipartite species in all samples. Sequence analysis of four isolates (named as GO-176, GO-260, GO-354, and GO-368) obtained from common bean samples indicated identity levels of approximately 95% with the DNA-A segment of BGMV (GenBank Accession No. FJ665283). However, the complete DNA-A sequence (GenBank Accession No. HM357459.1) of the GO-060 isolate (from a symptomatic snap bean plant collected in Goianápolis) displayed 76% identity with BGMV (GenBank Accession No. FJ665283) and 95% identity with the DNA-A of a Sida micrantha mosaic virus (SimMV) isolate (GenBank Accession No. EU908733.1) reported to be infecting okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) and 94.8% with a SimMV isolate reported to be infecting soybean (GenBank Accession No. FJ686693) in Brazil (2). Koch's postulates were fulfilled for the isolate GO-060 by inoculating a set of soybean and bean accessions via a biolistic approach. The ratio of positive PCR amplicons per total of inoculated plants were 15 of 16 for snap bean cv. Trepador, 9 of 10 for snap bean cv. Fartura, 18 of 24 for common bean cv. Olate Pinto, and 19 of 25 for common bean cv. Carioca. The isolate was also able to infect eight of nine soybean 'Doko' plants. Sequence analysis using symptomatic leaf samples (15 days after inoculation) confirmed SimMV as the causal agent. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a SimMV isolate infecting P. vulgaris. This virus is apparently fast expanding its host range from Malvaceae to Solanaceae species and leguminous hosts after the introduction of B. tabaci biotype B (2). More extensive surveys are necessary to access the current epidemiological importance of SimMV in both snap and common beans in Brazil.

Common bean is a susceptible vegetable to excessive water condition in soil. Meanwhile, flooding occurrence and soil water table are unpredictable at riparian wetlands. These circumstances make cultivation of common bean in riparian wetland challenging. A field experiment was conducted at post flooding period but soil water table was still less than 30 cm below soil surface during transitional period from wet to dry season, in May to August 2017. Site location was a paddy field at Sungai Selincah Village, within riparian wetland ecosystem in South Sumatra, Indonesia. The paddy field is characterized by alluvial soil and periodically flooded for 4-6 months during rainy season. Raised beds were constructed for setting up water table positions at 10, 15, and 20 cm below soil surface. Results of this study indicated that common bean ('Phaseolus vulgaris' L.) could tolerate soil water table at depth of 15 cm or deeper without significant decrease in growth and yield. However, soil water table at depth of 10 cm significantly reduced plant height, number of trifoliate leaves, diameter of canopy, shoot dry weight, root length, number of primary lateral roots, chlorophyll content index (CCI) during reproductive stage, total number of pods, and cumulative yield. In conclusion, it is possible to grow common bean at riparian wetland ecosystem as early as soil water table has subsided to 15 cm below soil surface during transitional period from wet to dry season.

A survey was conducted from 2003 to 2004 to identify viruses infecting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in different growing areas of East Azarbaejan Province of Iran. A total of 300 French bean samples with symptoms of viral infection (mosaic, vein clearing, leaf rolling, yellowing, and leaf distortion) were collected. The samples were tested for eight viruses using the tissue-blot immunoassay procedures (TBIA) (2) and double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) according to the manufacturer's instructions (DSMZ, Braun-schweig, Germany). ELISA tests for Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Bean leaf roll virus (BLRV), and Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) were used. In addition, antiserum was provided by S. A. Ghabrial (University of Kentucky, Lexington) to test for Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV). Serological tests showed that SBMV and BPMV were present in 12% (35 samples) and 5% (15 samples) of samples, respectively. BCMV, BCMNV, BYMV, BLRV, CMV, and AMV were more common and were detected in 155, 105, 80, 46, 30, and 10 samples of 300 samples, respectively. These six viruses were previously reported in other pulses and in French bean in Iran (1). The presence of SBMV and BPMV were verified in samples by transmission to French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and soybean (Glycine max) indicator test plants (3,4). Inoculation with extracts from SBMV-positive plants produced systemic mottle and mosaic symptoms in soybean (cv. Gorgan-3) and French bean (cvs. Dubbele Witte and Cheete). In cowpea (cv. Mashad) and French bean (cv. Pinto), inoculation produced necrotic local lesions. Inoculation with extracts from BPMV-positive plants produced severe mosaic, leaf distortion, and puckering in soybean (cv. Gorgan-3) and French bean (cv. Ten-dergreen). No symptoms were observed in cowpea (cv. Mashad). Cvs. Pinto and Bountiful bean reacted with necrotic local lesions. All indicator test plants tested positive for the presence of SBMV or BPMV as expected using DAS-ELISA. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BPMV and SBMV naturally infecting French bean in Iran. These viruses can cause a serious problem to other leguminous crops grown in Iran.