Abstract
For decades, sphingolipids have been related to several biological functions such as immune system regulation, cell survival, and proliferation. Recently, it has been reported that sphingolipids could be biomarkers in cancer and in other human disorders such as metabolic diseases. This is evidenced by the biological complexity of the sphingolipids associated with cell type-specific signaling and diverse sphingolipids molecules. As mitochondria dynamics have serious implications in homeostasis, in the present review, we focused on the relationship between sphingolipids, mainly ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate, and mitochondrial dynamics directed by fission, fusion, and mitophagy. There is evidence that the balances of ceramides (C18 and C16) and S1P, as well as the location of specific ceramide synthases in mitochondria, have roles in mitophagy and fission with an impact on cell fate and metabolism. However, signaling pathways controlling the sphingolipids metabolism and their location in mitochondria need to be better understood in order to propose new interventions and therapeutic strategies.
Highlights
Sphingolipids are a class of complex lipids with several functions, including membrane structure and intracellular and extracellular signaling, associated with a large number of processes.Their deregulations have been broadly described in human diseases with a strong potential for therapeutic strategies
A substrate to ceramide synthesis, when absent, caused mitochondria fragmentation reversed by supplementation with C16:0-ceramide [6] and intermittent fasting associated with high intensity-intermittent exercise up-regulated Fo F1 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase activity in apparent association with an increase in mitochondria mass [7,8]
We focused on the relationship between sphingolipids, mainly ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate, and mitochondrial dynamics directed by fission, fusion, and mitophagy
Summary
Sphingolipids are a class of complex lipids with several functions, including membrane structure and intracellular and extracellular signaling, associated with a large number of processes. Fingolimod application still has been investigated in clinical trials for other medicine proposals () such as stroke, cerebral edema, schizophrenia, neurodegeneration, renal patients, cancer (breast carcinoma and glioblastoma), and multiple sclerosis patients These points highlight the relevance of the balance of sphingolipids in normal cell functions as egress of lymphocytes from lymph nodes [1]. Composition determined by mass spectrometry modify mitochondrial morphology by biophysical effects on mitochondrial outer (OMM) and inner identified 31 sphingolipids as ceramides, glyceroceramides (GlcCer), sphingomyelins (SM), and membranes [12]. The and change of sphingolipids in organelles, are constituted phospholipids withmetabolism asymmetric distribution, suggesting their importance to membranes, or cellular compartments impact cell biology, and can contribute to mitochondria function [13]. We focused on the relationship between sphingolipids, mainly ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate, and mitochondrial dynamics directed by fission, fusion, and mitophagy
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