Abstract
Spectrum sensing is an important function in radio frequency spectrum management and cognitive radio networks. Spectrum sensing is used by one wireless system (e.g., a secondary user) to detect the presence of a wireless service with higher priority (e.g., a primary user) with which it has to coexist in the radio frequency spectrum. If the wireless signal is detected, the second user system releases the given frequency to maintain the principle of not interfering. This paper proposes a machine learning implementation of spectrum sensing using the entropy measure as a feature vector. In the training phase, the information about the activity of the wireless service with higher priority is gathered, and the model is formed. In the classification phase, the wireless system compares the current sensing report to the created model to calculate the posterior probability and classify the sensing report into either the presence or absence of wireless service with higher priority. This paper proposes the novel application of the Fluctuation Dispersion Entropy (FDE) measure recently introduced in the research community as a feature vector to build the model and implement the classification. An improved implementation of the FDE (IFDE) is used to enhance the robustness to noise. IFDE is further enhanced with an adaptive method (AIFDE) to automatically select the hyper-parameter introduced in IFDE. Then, this paper combines the machine learning approach with the entropy measure approach, which are both recent developments in spectrum sensing research. The approach is compared to similar approaches in literature and the classical energy detection method using a generated radar signal data set with different conditions of SNR(dB) and fading conditions. The results show that the proposed approach is able to outperform the approaches from literature based on other entropy measures or the Energy Detector (ED) in a consistent way across different levels of SNR and fading conditions.
Highlights
A survey on the application of Machine Learning (ML) and its extension to Deep Learning is provided in Section 2 of this paper, but it can be anticipated that this study focuses on a specific implementation of ML for spectrum sensing based on the application of entropy measures
A new improved definition of Dispersion entropy and Fluctuation Dispersion entropy is applied to enhance the robustness against noise, which are called respectively Improved DE (IDE) and implementation of the FDE (IFDE)
Because the IDE and IFDE introduce a new hyper-parameter, the study presented in this paper proposes an adaptive variation of IDE and IFDE
Summary
This paper deals with the problem of spectrum sensing for coexistence of wireless services in the same radio frequency spectrum bands. One of the solutions proposed in research literature to enhance the utilization of radio frequency spectrum resources especially in frequency bands with low spectrum usage is to allow the coexistence of one or more wireless services. One example of this model is spectrum sharing where there is priority access for primary users (PU), but secondary users (SU) can still access the radio frequency spectrum in an opportunistic way if the PU signal is not present either in time or space. Spectrum sensing is defined in [1]
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