Abstract
BackgroundGlobal warming is characterized by not only an increase in the daily mean temperature, but also a diel asymmetric pattern. However, most of the current studies on climate change have only concerned with the mean values of the warming trend. Although many studies have been conducted concerning the responses of insects to climate change, studies that address the issue of diel asymmetric warming under field conditions are not found in the literature.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe conducted a field climate manipulative experiment and investigated developmental and demographic responses to diel asymmetric warming in three grasshopper species (an early-season species Dasyhippus barbipes, a mid-season species Oedaleus asiaticus, and a late-season species Chorthippus fallax). It was found that warming generally advanced the development of eggs and nymphs, but had no apparent impacts on the hatching rate of eggs, the emergence rate of nymphs and the survival and fecundity of adults in all the three species. Nighttime warming was more effective in advancing egg development than the daytime warming. The emergence time of adults was differentially advanced by warming in the three species; it was advanced by 5.64 days in C. fallax, 3.55 days in O. asiaticus, and 1.96 days in D. barbipes. This phenological advancement was associated with increases in the effective GDDs accumulation.Conclusions/SignificanceResults in this study indicate that the responses of the three grasshopper species to warming are influenced by several factors, including species traits, developmental stage, and the thermal sensitivity of the species. Moreover, species with diapausing eggs are less responsive to changes in temperature regimes, suggesting that development of diapausing eggs is a protective mechanism in early-season grasshopper for avoiding the risk of pre-winter hatching. Our results highlight the need to consider the complex relationships between climate change and specificity responses of invertebrates.
Highlights
Global mean temperature has increased by 0.7uC since 1850 and is expected to rise 1.8–4.0uC by the end of this century [1]
A nighttime warming regime appeared to be more effective in increasing soil temperature than daytime warming, especially the minimum soil temperature; whereas a daytime warming regime was found to be more effective in increasing air temperature than overwintering growing degree days (GDDs) by 22.3% and 14.1% and the postoverwintering GDDs by 19.2% and 22.2%, respectively
Nymph development and emergence rate The nymph emergence time was significantly advanced by warming in C. fallax (F = 5.48, P = 0.02); it was advanced by 3.22 days by the daytime warming and 2.54 days by the nighttime warming
Summary
Global mean temperature has increased by 0.7uC since 1850 and is expected to rise 1.8–4.0uC by the end of this century [1]. Global warming is characterized by an increase in the daily mean temperature, and a diel asymmetric pattern [2,3], with greater trends of night warming than day warming [4,5,6]. Many studies concerning the impact of climate change were focused on vegetation and selected aboveground ecological processes [5,6,7,8,9,10,11] It remains unclear whether asymmetrical warming may have different effects on other organism and belowground biological processes. Global warming is characterized by an increase in the daily mean temperature, and a diel asymmetric pattern.
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