Abstract
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), also known as post-infectious encephalomyelitis, is an immune-mediated acute, subacute, or hyperacute inflammatory disease of the central nervous system [1–3]. ADEM is characterized by demyelination of the brain and spinal cord, which in some cases can involve the optic nerve, with a mostly transient, multifocal, and unidirectional course [4]. In pediatrics, ADEM has corresponding diagnostic criteria [5], but adults lack a widely accepted diagnostic consensus. Therefore, to make an accurate clinical diagnosis of ADEM, the clinical features, imaging findings, and cerebrospinal fluid findings must be combined with other neurological infections and inflammatory conditions, and other central nervous system infections and inflammations and systemic diseases such as multiple sclerosis should be ruled out. At the same time, ADEM clinical differential diagnosis is challenging because brain tissue biopsy is more limited in clinical application as the gold standard [1–4].
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