Specific interventions for optimizing reaction speed in fencing in 10-12 year old children

Background: Soccer players constantly experience rapidly changing situations that challenge them to receive and process stimuli, make fast and correct decisions, and perform actions at specific moments. The aim of the present study was to analyze age and experience-related differences in the level of brain speed, disjunctive reaction time, and reaction speed of soccer players. Methods: A total of 111 soccer players (x=12.414; s=1.921) divided by age and level of experience participated in the study. The diagnosis of brain speed and disjunctive reactivity was carried out with the BrainHQ Hawk Eye test and BrainHQ Agility test using the Witty Sem system. Reaction speed was diagnosed with the Fitro Agility Check test using the Fitro Agility system. The Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance were used to determine the significance of age and experiencerelated differences in the level of brain speed, disjunctive reaction time, and reaction speed of the soccer players. Results and conclusion: Statistically significant differences (p<0.01) in favor of older age categories were observed between disjunctive reaction time and brain speed. Younger soccer players showed significantly lower levels of lower limb reaction speed in both directions of the sagittal plane than older players (p<0.01). Less experienced soccer players demonstrated significantly lower levels of lower limb reaction speed in both directions of the sagittal plane than more experienced counterparts and lower levels of brain speed and disjunctive reaction time (p<0.01).

The article deals with the psychophysical abilities of young handball players at the stage of preliminary basic training. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the level of formation of such abilities as reaction speed, coordination of movements, concentration of attention and the ability to make decisions in stressful situations. The scientific relevance of the study is due to the need to improve training methods aimed at increasing the effectiveness of athletes' preparation for competitions. The purpose of the study is to analyze and evaluate the psychophysical abilities of young handball players, which will help to determine the effectiveness of the applied training methods and contribute to the development of new approaches to the training of athletes. Material and methods of research. Handball players at the stage of preliminary basic training (103 people) at the age of 15-16 years old, involved in the championship of Ukraine among boys, took part in the pedagogical experiment. To implement the goals and objectives of the study used a set of methods: theoretical analysis, synthesis and generalization; pedagogical observation; pedagogical testing; mathematical and statistical data processing. Research Results. It was found that the psychophysical abilities of young handball players who are at the stage of preliminary basic training correspond to a satisfactory level. However, in order to achieve high results in the future it is necessary to improve training programs taking into account the individual characteristics of each athlete. Analysis of the test results showed that the majority of handball players, both from the experimental and control groups, demonstrate similar results on the complex index of psychophysical abilities, which allowed us to conclude that there were no significant differences in the levels of development of psychophysical abilities between the groups at the beginning of the study. It was revealed that the average characteristics of different psychophysical tests in the majority of athletes correspond to a satisfactory level. For example, the speed of reaction to visual stimuli, reaction speed in game conditions, as well as the results of specialized handball tests showed that the level of formation of these abilities is sufficient for participation in competitions, but requires improvement to achieve high results. It is important to note that the highest average values of complex indicators of psychophysical abilities were observed in point guard players, which corresponds to the average level of formation. Line players also showed the results corresponding to the average level, while half-middle and edge players showed slightly lower values corresponding to the satisfactory level. Conclusions. The conducted study showed that at the stage of preliminary basic training most young handball players have a satisfactory level of development of psychophysical abilities, which indicates that there is a potential to improve their sports training by improving training methods. Given that different players demonstrate different levels of development of psychophysical abilities, especially among midfield and edge players, it is necessary to develop and implement individual training programs, which will optimize the training of each player in accordance with his individual characteristics and increase the overall effectiveness of the team.

Participants high and low in competitiveness completed a reaction-time task with a warning stimulus designed to elicit contingent negative variation, competing on reaction speed with a visible or invisible opponent to identify what affects contingent negative variation amplitude under more critical competitive situations. For participants low in competitiveness, contingent negative variation was larger and reaction time (RT) was shorter when winning a trial and competing with a visible opponent. For those high in competitiveness, contingent negative variation was larger under competitive situations with a visible opponent than with an invisible one, although no difference was found in RT. These findings suggest that contingent negative variation amplitude under competitive situations reflects not only motor preparation but also other psychological processes such as awareness of an opponent.

This research aims to discover these problems, (1) Is there a contribution of arm power explosive to the smash ability of UM Palopo badminton athletes (UKM)? (2) Is there any contribution of hand reaction speed to the smash-hitting ability strength of UM Palopo badminton athletes (UKM)? (3) Is there any contribution of arm explosive power to hand reaction speed to the smash ability of UM Palopo badminton athletes (UKM)? Two independent variables and one dependent variable form this research. It is a descriptive research Sample and the population is athletes from UKM Badminton UM Palopo, by random sampling, 40 people were obtained. The data analysis technique used is Regression-Test (R). (1) Arm explosive power makes a sizable contribution to the smash-hitting ability of badminton Where the obtained value = 0.512 (p < 0.05), with a contribution or contribution of 57. 80% (2). There is a significant contribution of hand reaction speed to the ability to smash in badminton. The value = -0.4 61 (p < 0.05), with a contribution or contribution of 54.20 % (3). There is a significant contribution of explosive power, and arm reaction speed, to the smash ability of badminton. Where the value of Ro = 0.854 (P < 0.05), with a contribution or contribution of 72.90%.

IntroductionSleep deprivation (SD) is being examined in the treatment of depression and other affective disorders for years. However, studies’ outcomes remain ambiguous, with varying levels of clinical improvement and its ephemeral character. Thus, it is necessary to find new factors accounting for the variability of results to develop new therapeutic protocols.ObjectivesThe study aimed to assess the influence of physical activity on mood and reaction speed following SD.MethodsThe study group consisted of 71 participants. SD lasted about 24 hours, beginning in the morning hours of the SD day to the morning hours of the following day. Physical activity (PA) was controlled using actigraphy (actigraph GENEActive Original, ActivInsights Ltd.) given to each participant. Participants underwent the reaction speed test (Response Time Test Apparatus, AT Smart Systems, Poland) and filled out a questionnaire assessing depression symptoms- Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), in the evening of the SD day, and the following morning. Based on the percentage of sedentary time (gravity-subtracted sum of vector magnitudes<386, DOI 10.1111/sms.13488) participants were classified as inactive (≥70% of SD duration spent sedentary, n= 43) or active (n= 28).ResultsThere were no significant differences between the active and the inactive participants regarding pre/post SD BDI score, reaction speed, and demographic data (age, sex, BMI) (all p>0.05). The inactive group had a significantly lower BDI score following SD in comparison with their baseline parameters (5, IQR 1-12 vs. 3, IQR 0-12, p=0.024) than the active group (3, IQR 1-6 vs. 3, IQR 0-7, p=0.408). Reaction speed after SD was impaired in both active (0.216, IQR 0.206-0.226 vs. 0.231, IQR 0.222-0.46, p<0.001) and inactive group (0.224, IQR 0.216-0.235 vs. 0.238, IQR 0.220-0.251, p<0.001). However, the difference between pre/post SD response time was slightly higher in the active individuals (0.015, IQR 0.011-0.028 vs. 0.012, IQR 0.003-0.022, p=0.047).ConclusionsThis study shows, that a sedentary behavior during SD might improve mood and slightly less impair the response time to auditory or visual stimuli than a higher activity level. Thus, PA could be an important modulator of clinical outcomes observed in individuals with affective disorders subjected to SD. PA should be accounted for in the SD protocols designed for future studies.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Soccer referees move freely on the pitch to place themselves in the best location for making decisions. While Football Association UK (FA) highlights that a referee should never be more than 20 m away from the playing situation, previous studies have been inconsistent in indicating appropriate distance to a situation for increasing the likelihood of a correct decision. Further, appropriate angle and insight are also likely to influence the correctness of referees' decisions. The aim of this study was to provide an initial investigation of elite referees' positioning in the field (distance, angle, and insight) when making correct and erroneous decisions in potential penalty situations. An expert panel (EP) consisting of two active referees with relevant academic background analyzed referees positioning when making correct or erroneous decisions regarding penalties. The EP were asked to qualitatively analyze referees positioning in selected video clips by using recommended technical refereeing criteria and practical guidelines (i.e., the referee's distance from, angle to, and insight into the penalty situations). Of the 42 situations evaluated, the results revealed that the EP termed the referees positioning as good in terms of angle and insight in 25 and 21 situations, respectively. The angle was average in seven situations and poor in 10 situations, and the insight were average in 10 situations and poor in 11 situations. The match referee was <10 meters away in 12 situations, 10–20 m away in 22 situations, and >20 meters away in eight situations. Results revealed that referees' positioning that resulted in the highest rate of correct decisions were when the distance were under 10 meters (83% correct decisions), good angle (88%), and good insight (86%). In contrast, referees were poorly positioned in terms of angle and/or insight in nine of the 15 erroneous decisions made. Although the present study was a preliminary qualitative investigation containing a limited number of potential penalty situations, the findings indicated that soccer referees are more likely to produce a correct decision in potential penalty situations when the distance to the situation is under 10 meters, when the insight to the situation is good and the angle to the incident is good. In contrast, the match referees generally had a poor starting position to assess the penalty situations where they landed on a wrong decision. While previous studies have been somewhat inconsistent in indicating optimal referee positioning in soccer, the present study highlights the potential value of a more qualitative approach to understand referees' positioning and subsequent decision-making accuracy.

Started with analysis of factors affecting the operation reliability, the paper aims to research the noise, vibration, harmful gases, and temperature of the interior environment of a certain self-propelled anti-air gun system; 10 drivers accepted the tests of memory capacity, reaction speed, and operation accuracy on the indicator instrument panel. With the noise and vibration getting worse, the memory capacity, reaction speed, and operation accuracy get worse, while temperature is not the main factor. Conclusions from the analysis of tests results will promote the training and management; limitations of research method are also pointed out at the last of the paper.KeywordsArmed vehicle driverOperation reliabilityAnalysis of factors

Humans play sports to improve their athletic ability. The robot, especially humanoid robot, is also able to improve its athletic performances, such as reaction speed and balancing, through robot sports. Therefore, robots have been developed through performing various robot sports events such as robot soccer, robot marathon, robot fight and so on. In this reason, The Ski Robot Challenge was held in South Korea in commemoration of the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games. The event was an Alpine slalom skiing competition in the almost same rules to human's but on a relatively short course (80m). To participate in this ski tournament, the skiing robot DIANA has been developed. In this video, the skiing robot technologies were introduced. At first, she must be able to recognize the flags. The deep learning method was used to recognize them. Secondly, she had a motion pattern to perform the carving turn, the most difficult and fastest skiing technique. In order to improve the stability, she compensated her motion to follow reference COP, based on the measured F/T sensor data. In addition, IMU sensor was used to remove instantaneous disturbance. Using these methods, the humanoid robot, DIANA, that can perform the carved turn on a realworld slope was successfully developed.

Air traffic controllers' mental fatigue recognition: A multi-sensor information fusion-based deep learning approach

This study aimed to examine the neural mechanisms underlying the decision-making process of off-ball movements among high-level football players and ordinary college students, as well as the effect of long-term skill training on these neural mechanisms using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The study recruited 20 professional college football players as the expert group (EG) and 20 novice football players with no background in sports-related disciplines as the novice group (NG). The participants performed the motor video observation and button-decision-making tasks, and fMRI data were acquired, pre-processed, and analyzed. During the decision-making process regarding running without the ball, whole-brain fMRI scans were conducted on both the EG and NG. The analysis of these scans revealed noteworthy disparities in brain activity between the two groups. These disparities were observed during tasks involving motor video observation and button-based decision-making. According to the behavioral data, the EG made more correct decisions than the NG (p < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference in their reaction speed (p > 0.05). During video observation, both the EG and NG exhibited simultaneous activation in the frontoparietal cognitive area, primary somatosensory cortex, visual cortex, and insula. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of activated brain regions [false discovery rate (FDR) corrected to p < 0.05]. Regarding button-press decisions, the areas of the brain that were commonly activated in both the NG and EG were primarily located in the frontoparietal cognitive area, temporal cortex, and cuneus cortex. Notably, the left superior temporal gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus, and left middle occipital gyrus exhibited greater activation in the NG compared to those in the EG (FDR corrected to p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that during motor video observation, the EG's sports experience and professional knowledge can help them achieve better visual information processing strategies in specific areas of sports. During button decision-making, the EG was more economical, whereas the NG required more brain function activity to process visual information, confirming the "neural efficiency" hypothesis.

The article examines fitness equipment and fitness technologies in the process of training young football players. The purpose is to analyze the use of fitness technologies in the process of sports training of young football players. Methods: analysis of scientific and methodological literature; pedagogical observations; pedagogical testing; methods of mathematical statistics. Results. Fitness technologies in the process of sports training of young football players contain such components as: means of general physical training; means of special physical and functional training; means of relaxation and stretching. Modern fitness technologies in sports games are understood as a set of scientific methods, techniques that are formed into a corresponding algorithm of actions, which is implemented to increase general, special physical and functional preparedness in the process of developing motor abilities of young athletes. Their active implementation into the system of sports training of young football players will allow to form the basis for the effective realization of the technical and tactical potential of young football players in competitive activities. Conclusions. Systematic use of fitness complexes, which include exercises for orientation in space, differentiation of efforts, static coordination, reaction speed, increases the effectiveness of the educational and training process with young football players, contributes to the mastery of technical and tactical techniques and the development of physical qualities. The choice of fitness equipment in the physical training of young football players depends on the planning of the training process and the distribution of the load in it.

In recent years, water skiing is gaining more and more popularity in Ukraine and the world. Despite the fact that water skiing is not an Olympic sport, it is very popular. Water skiing is a sport and entertainment at the same time. International competitions held in water skiing - European Championships and World Championships. The stage of initial training in water skiing falls on the age of 7-9 years. At this age, children’s aptitudes and abilities are revealed, their health is strengthened, young athletes master the basics of water skiing. Therefore, it is very important at this age to determine the psychophysiological characteristics of children who start water skiing. The purpose of the study was to determine and analyze the psychophysiological characteristics of children 7-9 years old who are engaged in water skiing. Research materials and methods. During the research, the methods of theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical testing, pedagogical analysis, testing of psychophysiological indicators using the software and hardware complex «BOS-test» were used. The results. Based on the results of the study, the psychophysiological characteristics of water skiers were determined based on the indicators of simple visualmotor reaction, complex visual-motor reaction, reaction to a moving object, and a tapping test. These indicators provide information on the speed of reaction and decision-making in difficult situations, determine the level of stress resistance and the degree of development of anticipation processes, as well as the type of nervous system. Conclusions. Determination of the individual psychophysiological characteristics of children engaged in water skiing is necessary for the rational planning and construction of the training process of water skiers.

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the impact of regular Kung Fu and Taekwondo practice on the health and quality of life among elderly individuals in the Maule region, Chile.Design/methodology/approachThe authors designed a 12-week Kung Fu and Taekwondo workshop with activities suitable for their age. Through semistructured interviews (at the beginning and the end of the workshop), along with periodic monitoring of vital signs and cardiovascular components, the authors observed an improvement in participants’ physical (strength, speed of reaction and flexibility) and psychological conditions (self-esteem and resilience), quality of life (relationships with family and friends and ability to deal with stressful events in working life) and health (waist circumference, percentage of oxygen saturation in blood, blood pressure, among other values).FindingsFrom these results, the authors affirm that this workshop improves health and physical condition and helps the participants develop the coping capacity to deal with stressful situations and complicated interpersonal relationships. In this sense, the authors conclude that Kung Fu and Taekwondo as regular sports activities can benefit senior citizens’ aging process.Originality/valueThis research is based on an original study project.

The article examines the possibilities of using the game of table tennis for students in physical education classes with the aim of developing physical and mental qualities and improving health, the influence of table tennis tools on increasing the functional and spatially oriented indicators of students. In order to intensify the educational process by introducing specializations in various types of sports into physical education classes as the most progressive form of improving physical education of a person, a literature review of modern scientific sources was conducted in order to identify the peculiarities of working with students, to determine the main advantages of using table tennis equipment as an alternative to traditional classes in physical education and increasing motivation for various types of motor activity. The purpose of the study: to consider the peculiarities of the use of table tennis in physical education classes in secondary schools. Game sports always require not only the development of physical qualities, such as reaction speed: both a simple, direct reaction to a partner's blow, and a complex prediction reaction that contributes to the development of operational thinking, attention, concentration, observation, quick decision-making, that is, the development of mental qualities This is due to the rapid change of tactical situations, the need for their quick assessment and the organization of appropriate actions, which are carried out in conditions of time shortage. Thus, the introduction of table tennis in physical education classes of students allows to form not only motor, but also mental qualities of future specialists more efficiently and quickly.

: Identifying the individual factors is a major issue in determining the likelihood of human error and ultimately human reliability. in current human reliability assessment (HRA) methods this is determined based on a performance shaping factors(PSFs) list and experts’ judgment. This was a qualitative content analysis study, in which the participants were selected using purposive sampling from the combined cycle power plant control rooms. Semi-structured interviews were performed and collected data were analyzed. A total of 32 operators (20 Module controller, 8 head operators, and 4 managers) were interviewed. Five categories were extracted, namely “mental condition”, “consciousness at work”, “professional competence”, “communication skills”, and “quick reaction and decision making capabilities”. Accordingly, it is suggested to taken into account such factors as professional competence and speed of reactions and to pay more attention to their important factors in the reliability of operators in combined cycle power plant control rooms.