Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), and Survival Rate (SR) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed probiotics (Probio-7) with different concentrations

The current research aimed to reduce the effects of increasing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish stocking density (SD) as stress factor by using dietary commercial probiotic supplementation (biogen® or Bactocell®). The experimental Nile tilapia (mean weight of 4.00 g) were distributed by random into 18 hapa (1.5 X 2 X 2 m), representing to 6 treatments (3 replicates per treatment). In a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, fish were divided into two main groups. The first group was stocked at 100 fish/m3 and the second was stocked at 150 fish/m3. Each group was divided into 3 sub-groups; the 1st sub-group was fed on a diet without supplementation with commercial probiotics, the 2nd and 3rd sub-groups were fed on diet supplemented with 2 g Biogen and 0.5 g Bactocell/kg diet, respectively. The obtained results showed that all tested water quality measurements were suitable for rearing Nile tilapia fingerlings. With increasing fish stocking density, final body weight (FBW), daily weight gain (DWG), specific growth rate (SGR) and daily feed intake (DFI) of fish significantly (P<0.001) decreased and feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly (P<0.001) impaired while, survival rate significantly (P<0.001) increased. The highest value for each of (P<0.001) FBW, DWG, SGR and DFI were achieved in fish groups fed diets supplemented with probiotic, while FCR significantly (P<0.001) improved. The interaction between fish SD and dietary probiotic supplementation significantly (P<0.01) affected FBW, DWG and DFI, while SGR and FCR were insignificantly affected. All blood components studied were insignificantly affected with fish SD. Hemoglobin, RBCs, WBCs, total protein, albumin and globulin of Nile tilapia fish significantly (P<0.001) affected with probiotic treatments. The interaction between fish SD and dietary probiotic supplementation significantly (P<0.01) affected WBCs only. Approximate analysis of body composition of Nile tilapia fish showed that, ash percentage only significantly (P<0.05) affected with SD, while crude protein, ether extract and ash percentages were significantly (P<0.001) affected with probiotic treatments. Within low SD the percents relative level of protection (RLP) after the challenge infection test using A. hydrophila in fish groups fed diet supplemented with biogen or bactocell were 100 and 60%, respectively. While, with high SD the RLP was 100 and 75% in fish groups fed diet supplemented with biogen and bactocell, respectively as compared with control fish group in the two levels of SD which recorded 0% of RLP. Final profit margin increased by 30.37 and 10.37%, in fish group stocked at high density and fed diet supplemented with biogen or bactocell, respectively when compared with fish group stocked at low density and fed diet without probiotic. The obtained results recommended that dietary probiotic (biogen or bactocell) supplementation to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diets reduce the effects of increasing stocking density as stress factor and achieve better growth performance, high disease resistance and high margin.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of probiotics plus different herbs on commercial feed on protein retention and fat retention in tawes fish. Tawes fish is a type of aquatic fish and includes herbivorous fish that eat plants. An important factor influencing fish growth is feed, where growth occurs if the fish get the right protein. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experimental method was used in this study, with 4 treatments and 3 replications, namely PA (Probiotic), PB (Turmeric), PC (Kingur), PD (Temulawak). Tawes fish used had a length of 5 cm, and maintenance was carried out for 40 days. The results showed that the addition of probiotics plus different herbs to commercial feeds had a significant effect on fish growth parameters such as absolute weight, absolute length growth, specific growth rate, fat retention, protein retention, survival, and feed conversion ratio. PD dosage (Temulawak) gave the best results for absolute weight gain, absolute length growth, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio. The highest survival rates were found in PD and PB (Turmeric), while the highest protein retention was in P4 and the highest fat retention was in PA.

The aims of this study were to examine the effects of phytase enzym and to determine the optimum dose of phytase enzym in artificialfeed on digesting, specific growth rate and survival rate of Nile Tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus). Nile Tilapia fingerlings(O. niloticus) used in this study were 120 animals with the weight of 3±0.02 g/animal. The fingerlings were raised in 6 weeks with thedensity of 1 animal/liter. Methodology used in this study was laboratory treatments with complete random design. The studyconsisted of four treatments and three repetitions. The treatments were addition of phytase enzym in artificial feed with the differentlevel of doses; those were A (0 mg/(kg of feed)), B (500 mg/(kg of feed)), C (1.000 mg/(kg of feed)), and D (1.500 mg/(kg of feed)).The artificial feed with 30% protein content was in the dried and crumb pellet form which was added phytase enzym in everytreatment. Data collected were specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, raw protein digesting rate, totalprotein digesting rate, survival rate and water quality. Varian annalysis was used in this study. If the results were significant(p&lt;0.05) and highly significant (p&lt;0.01), double Duncan area test was conducted to determine the mean of different treatments. Inorder to find the optimum effect polynomial orthogonal test was used. Descriptive analysis was used to explain raw and total proteindigesting rate and water quality. The results show that the addition of phytase enzym in artificial feed significantly affected on thespecific growth and feed utilization ( feed and protein efficiency ratios); however, it did not significantly affect on the survival rates.The optimum dose of phytase enzym in artificial feed on the specific growth and feed utilization was at the level of 1,000 mg/(kg offeed). This level resulted in the highest of raw and total protein digesting rates of Nile Tilapia fingerlings (O. niloticus), compared toB, D, and A treatments. The raw and total protein digesting rates were of 84.88% and 71.27%. The water quality during study was inviable range for the Nile Tilapia fingerlings (O. niloticus) cultivation.Keywords : Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Phytase Enzym, Digesting, Specific Growth, Survival Rate

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the aquaculture commodities in Indonesia. One of the challenge of fish production is the high cost of the feed. Thus, the efficiency of fish feed should be improved by adding supplementation that could promotes fish growth and health. This study aimed to to investigate the effects of eco-enzyme supplementation into commercial feed on growth, feed utilization and survival rate in O. niloticus. The fish juvenile which used in this research was 4.95±0.95 g which obtained from the local fisheries in Yogyakarta. The research done using completely randomized design (CRD), four treatments, and three replications. The treatments were different eco-enzyme supplementation in commercial fish feeds: A: control/commercial feed, B: commercial feed supplemented with 20mL eco-enzyme, C: commercial feed supplemented with 40mL eco-enzyme, and D: commercial feed supplemented with 60mL eco-enzyme. Relative growth rate, food conversion ratio, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ration, and survival rate were used as parameters tested. The results showed that feed supplemented with 40ml eco-enzyme gave best effect of relative growth rate (RGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency rate (PER) of fingerlings tilapia fish. While highest survival rate (SR) were obtained by the addition of 60 ml of eco-enzyme.

This study aims to analyze the addition of EM-4 probiotics with different concentrations to the cultivation media on the growth and survival of freshwater pomfret fish (C. macropomum). This research was carried out for 50 days at the Fish Production and Reproduction Laboratory, Aquaculture Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Mataram University. The method used was an experiment using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and three replications, namely without the addition of probiotics or control (P1); probiotic EM-4 0.5 ml/L (P2); probiotic EM-4 1.5 ml/L (P3); and probiotic EM-4 2.5 ml/L (P4). Test parameters include absolute weight, absolute length, specific growth rate, survival rate, feed conversion ratio, feed utilization efficiency, air quality, and bacterial density. Data analysis used analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a confidence level of 95%. If the research results show significant differences, further tests use the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The research showed that adding EM-4 probiotics to the rearing media at different concentrations could significantly affect (p&lt;0.05) fish survival rate, absolute weight, specific growth rate, feed conversion value, and feed utilization efficiency. The treatment of adding EM-4 probiotics to the maintenance media with a concentration of 1.5 ml/L of air provides the best value for survival rates, growth, FCR, and EPP. It can maintain the quality of the cultivation media in good condition for the growth of freshwater pomfret (C. macropomum).

The specific objective of this study was to determine the growth and feed efficiency in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed artificial diets based kiambang that has been fermented with Rhyzopus oryzae. This research are done in May and November 2014, using a completely randomized design. Treatments are different stocking density is 50 individual / m2 (A), 75 individual / m2 (B), and 100 individual / m2 (C). The results showed: the highest relative growth rate in treatment C for 898,0g / individual, followed by treatment B for 679,25g / individual and A of 455,83g / individual. Feed efficiency ranged between 89.65% - 90.26%. The survival rate of tilapia during the maintenance period is 100%. Results of water quality analysis showed decent range for the life of tilapia where the temperature ranges from 26 ° C - 28 ° C, the degree of acidity (pH) ranged from 7.10 to 7.27, and dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged from 3.5 to 4.1 mg / l.

Dumbo catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Sangkuriang strain is the consumption of freshwater fish that is much favored by many people, because its high nutrition and low price. The high price of feed and the low efficiency of feed utilization are an obstacle in the development of African catfish cultivation. The purpose of this study was to determine the use of agricultural product wastes such as corn flour, wheat, soybean meal, curry and chicken eggs that have been made as pellet feed containing 32.58% protein, with the addition of probiotics (A) and without the addition of probiotics (B) on the efficiency of feed utilization, growth and survival of African catfish (C. gariepinus).This study used an experimental method by designed through a completely randomized design (CRD) with two treatments and each of three replications, respectively. The test fish seed used was African catfish (C. gariepinus) with an average weight of 2.04 ± 0.05 g and an initial density of 350 tails / m 2 of pond area with a culture period during 60 days. The results of this study that self-made feed with material from agricultural wastes were sufficient to provide the results of the value of feed utilization efficiency (FUE) of 84.10 ± 1.83%, feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.03 ± 0.02, and survival rate (SR)of 95.79 ± 0.16%. The addition of probiotics to self-made feed with raw materials from agricultural wastes had a significant effect (p <0.05) to produce feed utilization efficiency (FUE)of 99.56 ± 5.64%, feed conversion ratio (FCR)of 0, 88 ± 0.04, relative growth rate (RGR) of 14.77 ± 0.66% / day, and the survival rate (SR) of 98.92 ± 0.29%, which has a higher value than feeding without probiotics.

Ketapang (Glycinemax L. Merril) seeds have the potential to become a source of fish feed ingredients derived from vegetables because they are easy to obtain and contain high enough protein. This study attempts to analyze the effect of substitution of soybean flour using ketapang seed flour on the feed formulation of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). This study was an experimental study using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment tested was the concentration of ketapang seed flour, consisting of: A (control/ 0%), B (7%), C (9%), and D (11%). Fish maintenance done for 50 days with an initial size of 4 – 6 g. The observed parameters were absolute weight, absolute length, specific growth rate, feed afficiency, feed convertion ratio, survival rate and water quality. Data were analyzed using analysis of Variance (ANOVA) within 95% of trust. The result showed that substitution of soybean flour using ketapang seed flour on the feed formulation of tilapia (O. niloticus) could affect absolute weight, absolute length, specific growth rate. But did not affect feed afficiency, feed convertion ratio, or survival rate. The addition of 7% ketapang seed formulation gave the best results during the study.

This study aims to investigate the effect of using different probiotics on growth, survival rate, and feed conversion rate of African catfish on the biofloc system. The study was conducted at the SMK PP Negeri Mataram Laboratory from August to September 2020. The research design used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments with 3 replications. Data collection was carried out by measuring fish length and fish weight. The data analyzed were daily weight growth rate, daily length growth rate, specific growth rate, survival rate, feed conversion rate, growth pattern, and condition factors. Growth rates, survival and feed conversion rates were analyzed using the ANOVA method and LSD test. The results indicated that the growth rate of daily weight, length growth rate, specific growth rate, and conversion rate has optimal in the treatment of Bacillus + Lactobacillus probiotic. In this treatment, the average daily weight growth rate in the treatment was 0.13 gr/day, the daily length growth rate for African catfish was 0.130 cm/day, the specific growth rate was 1.76%/day, and the average feed conversion rate of 0.641. The highest survival rate also occurred in the treatment of Bacillus + Lactobacillus probiotics with an average of 81.33%. The growth pattern of African catfish with the biofloc system is negative allometric, the coefficient value (b) is less than 3. The condition factor for African catfish is categorized as flat.

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a high-value aquaculture commodity with steadily increasing market demand. However, the growth performance of Nile tilapia fingerlings is often hindered by suboptimal feed quality and high mortality rates. One innovative approach to address these challenges is the incorporation of herbal probiotics as feed additives. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of herbal probiotic supplementation (Probal) on the growth, feed efficiency, and survival of Nile tilapia fingerlings. The research was conducted over 28 days at the Laboratory of Fish Production and Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and three replications: P1 (control), P2 (Probal 2.5%), P3 (Probal 3%), and P4 (Probal 3.5%). The observed parameters included absolute length and weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed utilization efficiency (EPP), feed consumption, survival rate (SR), and water quality. Results showed that P4 treatment significantly outperformed other treatments in terms of length gain (2.39 cm), weight gain (13.8 g), SGR (3.26%/day), and SR (93.33%). Although no significant differences were observed in FCR and FUE, Probal supplementation was proven to enhance growth performance and survival. Therefore, herbal probiotic supplementation represents a promising and environmentally friendly strategy for sustainably improving Nile tilapia aquaculture productivity.

The present study was conducted at the Fish Hatchery Saft Khalid, Behera Governorate, Egypt, for two months in order to investigate the effect of stocking density and probiotic (Ecobiol Aqua) dietary supplementation on growth performance, feed utilization, survival rate and whole body chemical composition of postlarvae of the freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) of an initial weight 0.161g. reared in indoor nursery concrete tanks. A total number of 1350 postlarvae freshwater prawns were divided randomly into 18 concrete tanks (1 m 2 area each) to represent three stocking densities (50; 75 and 100 PL/m 2 ) with or without probiotic supplementation in three replicates each treatment. The experimental prawns were fed during the experimental period (8 weeks) on a diet contained 37.5% crude protein 5times/day at a rate related to the development stage. The treatments applied were D1A; D2A; D3A; D1B; D2B and D3B i.e. densities 50; 75 and 100 animals/m 2 without probiotic and densities 50; 75 and 100 animals/m 2 with supplemental probiotics, respectively. Results obtained are summarized in the following: 1- Water quality parameters tested were within the permissible levels recommended for optimum growth and development of freshwater prawn. 2- Both densities D1 and D2 (50 and 75animals/m 2 ) recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher final weights; total weight gains; specific and relative growth rates compared to the highest density, regardless of the probiotic effect. 3- Probiotic supplementation had insignificant effects on final weight; total weight gain; specific and relative growth rates, regardless of stocking density. 4- Within each stocking density supplementing the diets of freshwater prawn with probiotic improved the survival rate and the improvements were more pronounced at the lower stocking densities. 5- The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) (the lowest) was recorded by D1A group (p<0.05) followed by D2B; D1B; D2A; D3B and D3A, respectively. 6- Neither stocking density nor probiotic supplementation released any significant effects on whole body chemical composition of freshwater prawn. Based on the obtained results, the optimum stocking density of postlarvae M. rosenbergii laid between 50 to 75animals/m 2 and increasing the stocking density more than75/m 2 had negative effects on growth performance parameters. Also the results obtained may lead us to recommend the supplementation of probiotic (Ecobiol Aqua) to postlarvae M. rosenbergii diets in order to improve the survival rate during the nursery period.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of using maizena, tapioca and rice flour as carbon sources in the biofloc system for specific growth rate, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio of nile tilapia. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), which consisted of three treatments with three replications. Treatment A use maizena flour as carbon source much 2 grams / L of water, treatment B use white rice flour as carbon source much 2 grams / L of water, and treatment C use tapioca flour as carbon source much 2 grams / L of water. Starter bacteria use EM4 much 2 ml / L of water. Maintenance of nile tilapia is carried out for 28 days. The research variables are specific growth rate, survival rate, feed conversion ratio and water quality parameters. The results showed that the use of maizena, tapioca and rice flour as carbon sources in biofloc was not significantly different (P&gt; 0.05) on specific growth rates, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The specific growth rates achieved in treatments A, B and C are 2.36; 2.27; and 2.90% / day. The survival rate value reaches 76; 74; and 85%. Value of feed conversion ratio are 1.3; 1.8; and 1.1. The results of measuring water quality in general are in a good range. This research shows that carbon sources using tapioca flour are better than carbon sources using maizena flour and rice flour.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density (125 or 200 fish m−3) on the growth performance of three strains of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: the non-improved strain (NS), the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) and the Freshwater Aquaculture Center selected tilapia known as the FaST selected line (SL). Each strain and density combination was triplicated in 0.42 m3 fibreglass tanks within a re-circulating water system. Water temperature was maintained at 29.0±1.0°C. Large Nile tilapia having a mean body weight of 100–110 g were stocked in each tank and hand-fed four times daily with commercial tilapia pellets (35% protein) for 104 days. Results showed that at the two stocking densities, the GIFT and SL strains showed a significantly higher (P<0.05) mean weight (MWT), daily growth rate (DGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and gross yield (GY) than the NS. In all three strains, growth performance was negatively affected by stocking density. The lower density (125 fish m−3) treatments had significantly higher MWT, DGR and SGR than the higher density one (200 fish m−3). However, higher FCR and GY were observed at the higher density. Survival rates were high in all treatments and were not affected by strain or density. In general, the SL strain had better growth parameters than the GIFT strain. The findings of this study demonstrated the superior growth performance of the improved strains at both densities compared with the NS. The higher density (200 fish m−3) could be more profitable for the tilapia farms in Kuwait than the lower density of (125 fish m−3) in terms of reduced land cost and facilities, demand on the limited low-salinity underground water and manpower.

The impact of stocking densities on the growth and survival of a cyprinid fish (G. theunensis) fry was thoroughly investigated in a comprehensive study aimed at identifying optimal aquaculture conditions. This research utilized a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates for each of four different stocking densities: 50 100 150 and 200 fry m-³ over a three-month period from October to December 2024. Fish were fed a commercial fish feed containing 28% protein twice daily. The study found no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) in the survival rates across the different densities with rates ranging from 73.83% to 82.67%. However, the lowest density (50 fry m-³) resulted in a significantly higher final length of 5.93 cm, compared to 5.40 cm, 5.19 cm, and 5.03 cm for the 100, 150, and 200 fry m-³ densities, respectively. Similarly, fish at the 50 fry m-³ density achieved a significantly higher final weight of 4.88 g, compared to 4.08 g, 3.92 g, and 3.90 g for the higher densities. The daily gain was highest at the lowest density, measuring 0.05 g fish-1 day-1, versus slightly lower gains at higher densities. Specific growth rate: The rate at 50 fry m-³ was 157.95% fish-1 day-1, substantially higher than those observed at higher densities. Weight Gain: Demonstrated a similar pattern, with the 50 fry m-³ density achieving a 612.77% gain, significantly outperforming the other densities. Feed Conversion Ratio: The FCR was most efficient at the lowest density (2.34) worsening progressively at higher densities. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT HIGHLIGHTS The lowest stocking density (50 fry/m³) resulted in the best growth performance, with the highest final length (5.93 cm), weight (4.88 g), and daily weight gain. Survival rates showed no significant differences across densities, ranging from 73.83% to 82.67%. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was most efficient at the lowest density (2.34) and worsened as stocking density increased.

Bonylip barb (Osteochillus hasselti) is a favourite freshwater fish, especially in West Java, Indonesia. Cultivation of bonylip barb is carried out in a conventional method; therefore, it is necessary to apply new cultivation technology, namely biofloc. The purpose of this study was to know the growth, feed efficiency, and survival rate of Bonylip barb in biofloc system cultivation (C/N ratio 10) with different stocking densities. This research was conducted in March – July 2021, and the experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Djuanda University, Bogor. The object of research is bonylip barb seed (size 4.5 – 5.5 cm). The research design was a completely randomized design with three treatments of stocking density {A (10 fish/21 L), B (20 fish /21 L), and C (30 fish /21 L)} with four replications. Parameters observed were specific growth rate, feed efficiency, survival rate, and water quality. Furthermore, data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD test. The results showed that treatment A (stocking density 10 fish/21 L) had the best performance with a specific weight growth rate (2.03 ± 0.15%), feed efficiency (78.7%), and survival rate (100%). Water quality during the study was feasible for bonylip barb life. Keywords: Biofloc, Molasses, Osteochillus hasselti, Specific Growth Rate, Survival Rate