Species Distribution and Coverage of Seagrass in the Moramo Bay Marine Protected Area (MB-MPA), Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

Nugraha AH, Tasabaramo IA, Hernawan UE, Rahmawati S, Putra RD, Darus RF. 2021. Diversity, coverage, distribution and ecosystem services of seagrass in three small islands of northern Papua, Indonesia: Liki Island, Meossu Island and Befondi Island. Biodiversitas 22: 5544-5549. Papua waters are one of the hot spot areas with high marine biodiversity in the world. Yet, the less accessible location and varying geographical conditions become the significant constraints of biodiversity study in this region, resulting in limited information about the diversity of marine resources, including the seagrass ecosystem. This research aims to investigate the diversity, coverage and distribution of seagrass in three small islands in the northern waters of Papua, namely Liki Island, Befondi Island, and Meossu Island, as well as to study the ecosystem services provided by the seagrass. This research is part of the Nusa Manggala Expedition, which was carried out in November 2018, consisted of seven observation stations. Data collection was conducted using the transect line method combined with plot quadrat. Information regarding seagrass ecosystem services was gathered through observation and direct interviews to the community. The results showed that there were seven species of seagrass in the studied sites, namely Cymodocea rotundata, Enhalus acoroides, Halodule uninervis, Halodule pinifolia, Halophila ovalis, Thalassia hemprichii, and Syringodium isoetifolium. Liki Island had the highest seagrass cover value of 82.24%, followed by Meossu Island and Befondi Island with seagrass cover of 63.23% and 31.25%, respectively. There were 13 seagrass ecosystem services identified in this research. The people of Liki Island and Meossu Island get the benefits of the existence of the seagrass ecosystem. The direct benefits are the presence of seagrass is associated with biota commonly used as food sources such as Siganus sp and sea cucumbers. There are efforts made by the community to maintain the sustainability of the seagrass ecosystem, which is known as sasi.

This study aimed to assess species distribution, density and coverage of seagrass in Panggang Island, within Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park, northern Jakarta. Seagrass sampling was conducted between March to April 2016 at three observation stations in the West, East, and South of Panggang Island. A total of 6 seagrass species was recorded during sampling period, including Cymodocea rotundata, C. serulata, Halodule uninervis, Syiringodium isoetifolium, Enhalus acoroides, and Thalassia hempricii. All species were observed in the South station, while in the West and East station found only three species (C. rotundata, E. acoroides, and T. hemprichii). While, C. rotundata and T. hemprichii were observed at all station. The highest density was observed for C. rotundata (520 ind/m2) and for T. hempricii (619 ind/m2) in the West station and South Station, respectively. The lowest density was observed in South Station for C. serulata (18 ind/m2), Halodule uninervis (20 ind/m2), and Syiringodium isoetifolium (15 ind/m2). Seagrass coverage of Thalassia hempricii was the highest (43.60%) and the lowest observed at Syiringodium isoetifolium (0.40%). This could be basic information for the management of seagrass ecosystem in the Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park.

Landscape-scale changes in seagrass distribution over time: a case study from Success Bank, Western Australia

Changes in Seagrass Cover on Success and Parmelia Banks, Western Australia Between 1965 and 1995

How climate change alters persistence and distribution of endangered species is an urgent question in current ecological research. However, many species distribution models do not consider consumers in the context of their resources. The distribution and survival of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), listed as a Vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List, critically depend on seagrass resources and freshwater sources for drinking. We parameterized Maxent models with Bio-ORACLE environmental layers, freshwater proximity data, and modelled seagrass distance layers, to determine manatee and seagrass distributions under future climate change scenarios. We used two plausible IPCC Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP45 and RCP26, respectively) for the year 2050. The model fits had high accuracies and predicted a marked decline in seagrass coverage (RCP26: -1.9%, RCP45: -6%), coinciding with declines in manatee ranges (RCP26: -9%, RCP45: -11.8%). We also found that over 94% of the projected manatee distribution for all scenarios fell within the seagrass distribution. The analysis showed a decline in seagrass coverage to significantly impact manatee distributions, since the distance to seagrass ecological layer contributed significantly to manatee distributions, along with distance to freshwater sources. Our findings suggest that manatees will lose substantial range due to future climate change, but the extent and direction of this change will be mediated by the degree of warming and its impact on the resources manatees depend on.

Seagrasses are major parts of coastal and marine biodiversity. Unfortunately, these aquatic plants and their ecological values are virtually unknown to many Filipinos. This study assessed the seagrasses in Maribojoc Bay, particularly in the coastal areas of the three municipalities, namely Maribojoc, Dauis, Panglao, and the City of Tagbilaran. Ecological assessments were conducted to determine the composition, abundance, distribution, percent cover, diversity, dominance, and evenness of seagrass species. Eight sampling sites were surveyed from October to December 2020. Seven seagrass species were identified, with Thalassia hemprichii as the most abundant (52.79%). There was a significant difference (p>0.05) in seagrass species relative abundance. The Shannon diversity index implies low diversity (H’=1.40) of seagrass species. High dominance (2.98) and low evenness (0.72) were attributed to the high abundance of T. hemprichii in the seagrass beds. The seagrass coverage was characterized by patchy and continuous meadows, with percentage cover ranging from 17.45% (poor) – 60% (good). Maribojoc Bay had a seagrass percentage cover of 38.65%, which can be classified under “fair” conditions. Seagrass community structure implies sparse coverage and low diversity, probably due to the deterioration of once-continuous meadows. However, further studies concerning seagrass communities are recommended in order to implement rehabilitation program or improve current management in Maribojoc Bay.

Wax and wane of Zostera noltii Hornem. in the Dutch Wadden Sea

Long term land cover and seagrass mapping using Landsat and object-based image analysis from 1972 to 2010 in the coastal environment of South East Queensland, Australia

Seagrass beds provide important habitat for fishes and invertebrates in many regions around the world. Accordingly, changes in seagrass coverage may affect fish communities and/or populations, given that many species utilize these habitats during vulnerable early life history stages. In lower Chesapeake Bay, seagrass distribution has contracted appreciably over recent decades due to decreased water clarity and increased water temperature; however, effects of changing vegetated habitat on fish community structure have not been well documented. We compared fish community composition data collected at similar seagrass sites from 1976–1977 and 2009–2011 to investigate potential changes in species richness, community composition, and relative abundance within these habitats. While seagrass coverage at the specific study sites did not vary considerably between time periods, contemporary species richness was lower and multivariate analysis showed that assemblages differed between the two datasets. The majority of sampled species were common to both datasets but several species were exclusive to only one dataset. For some species, relative abundances were similar between the two datasets, while for others, there were notable differences without directional uniformity. Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) and northern pipefish (Syngnathus fuscus) were considerably less abundant in the contemporary dataset, while dusky pipefish (Syngnathus floridae) was more abundant. Observed changes in community structure may be more attributable to higher overall bay water temperature in recent years and other anthropogenic influences than to changes in seagrass coverage at our study sites.

This study aims to determine and analyze: (1).The effect of domestic investment) on the absorption of sectoral labor in Southeast Sulawesi Province. (2) The effect of foreign direct investment on sectoral employment in Southeast Sulawesi Province. The research method used is quantitative research. Collecting data using document study techniques. The data analysis technique used was statistical descriptive analysis, and multiple regression analysis of panel data. The results of the study conclude that: (1) Domestic Investment (PMDN) has a significant and positive effect on sectoral employment in Southeast Sulawesi Province. This means that an increase in domestic investment can increase the absorption of sectoral workers in Southeast Sulawesi Province. (2) Foreign Direct Investment (PMA) has a significant and positive effect on sectoral employment in Southeast Sulawesi Province. This means that an increase in investment from abroad can increase the absorption of sectoral labor in Southeast Sulawesi Province, but the increase is relatively small.

This study aims to determine and analyze: (1) The influence of leadership style on employee performance at the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights (Kemenkumham) Southeast Sulawesi Province, (2) The influence of knowledge management on employee performance at the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights (Kemenkumham) Southeast Sulawesi Province, and (3) The influence of organizational commitment on employee performance at the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights (Kemenkumham) Southeast Sulawesi Province. The population in this study were all Civil Servants at the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights (Kemenkumham) Southeast Sulawesi Province, totaling 113 employees. Withdrawal of samples by census method so that sampling is not required The analysis technique used is Partial Least Square (PLS), with the calculation process using SmartPLS software.The results showed that: (1) Leadership style has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of Southeast Sulawesi Province, (2) Knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law and Ham, Southeast Sulawesi Province, (3) Organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights, Southeast Sulawesi Province.

Lamun merupakan tumbuhan berbunga yang hidup diperairan dangkal dengan pengaruh sinar matahari. Ekosistem padang lamun memiliki fungsi penting seperti produktivitas primer, sumber makanan, penstabil perairan, tempat asuhan dan habitat biota laut. Ekosistem lamun menjadi ekosistem penting sehingga sebarannya di perairan perlu dikaji. Sebaran lamun yang yang terdapat di Pulau Panjang tersebut harus dikelola dengan baik agar dapat dimanfaatkan secara optimal dan berkelanjutan. Pemantauan untuk melihat kondisi atau tutupan lamun dapat menggunakan metode penginderaan jauh. Metode penginderaan jauh telah dinilai efektif dan efisien untuk memperoleh informasi spasial karena kecepatan untuk memperoleh data dan cakupan yang luas dan telah menjadi pelengkap metode konvensional atau berdasarkan transek survei. Lokasi penelitian yaitu di Pulau Panjang perlu adanya kajian untuk memberikan informasi mengenai sebaran lamun dengan dilakukannya pemetaan menggunakan data citra Sentinel- 2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan monitoring dan memetakan ekosistem padang lamun di Pulau Panjang menggunakan metode line transek sehingga dapat mengetahui komposisi lamun dan kerapatan lamun. Pengolahan data spasial menggunakan citra Sentinel- 2 yang diolah dengan algoritma lyzenga dan validasi data lapangan. Berdasarkan penelitian diketahui bahwa di Pulau Panjang telah ditemukan empat jenis lamun dengan komposisi lamun yang paling banyak dijumpai adalah Thalassia hemprichii dan paling jarang dijumpai adalah Enhalus acoroides. Uji akurasi juga dilakukan untuk mengetahui keakuratan data hasil klasifikasi citra satelit dengan kondisi lapangan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa citra yang digunakan memilki tingkat akurasi 70% dan akurasi kappa sebesar 0,4. Seagrass is a flowering plant that lives in shallow waters under the influence of sunlight. Seagrass ecosystems have important functions such as primary productivity, food sources, water stabilizers, nurseries and habitats for marine biota. Seagrass ecosystems are important ecosystems so that their distribution in waters needs to be studied. The distribution of seagrass in Panjang Island must be managed properly so that it can be utilized optimally and sustainably. Monitoring to see the condition or cover of seagrass can use remote sensing methods. Remote sensing methods have been assessed as effective and efficient for obtaining spatial information due to the speed to obtain data and wide coverage and have become complementary to conventional methods or based on survey transects. The research location is on Panjang Island, there needs to be a study to provide information about the distribution of seagrass by mapping using Sentinel-2 image data. seagrass. Spatial data processing uses Sentinel-2 imagery which is processed with the lyzenga algorithm and field data validation. Based on the research, it is known that in Panjang Island four species of seagrass have been found with the composition of the most common seagrass being Thalassia hemprichii and the least common being Enhalus acoroides. Accuracy tests were also carried out to determine the accuracy of the data from the classification of satellite imagery with field conditions. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the image used has an accuracy rate of 70% and a kappa accuracy of 0.4.

This article discusses the role of islamic religious education teachers in improving the morals of students at satap lambuya middle school, konawe regency, southeast sulawesi province with the main problems being (1) How is the learning of Islamic Religious Education teachers in improving the morals of students at Satap Lambuya Junior High School, Konawe regency, southeast sulawesi province? (2) How to improve the morals of students at SMP Satap Lambuya, Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province? (3) What is the role of Islamic Religious Education teachers in improving the morals of students at SMP Satap Lambuya, Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province? This type of research is qualitative. The location of this research is students at satap lambuya middle school, konawe regency, southeast sulawesi. The approach used is an ethnomethodological study, with data collection methods, namely observation, interviews and documentation. The data that has been collected is then analyzed in three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions and data verification. The results of the research show that Islamic religious education teachers should not only make all educational plans listed in the curriculum and learning units as the only estuary in achieving educational goals, learners are always a problem and as a focus of attention, a teacher is needed who can direct the behavior of students to achieve their learning goals, and In order to implement the Islamic Religious Education Teacher Program which has been mandated in the Vision and Mission, the role of activities carried out by Islamic religious teachers to be pioneers in implementing the moral values of students must be programmed properly and must be implemented optimally.

This study aims to analyze; 1) the performance of increased availability of infrastructure and anincrease in motor vehicle tax revenues every year in Southeast Sulawesi Province; and 2) the role ofincreasing motor vehicle tax receipts on infrastructure improvements in Southeast Sulawesi Province. Thisresearch was carried out at the Revenue Service office, the Southeast Sulawesi Provincial Public WorksOffice, and the SAMSAT offices throughout the districts / cities in Southeast Sulawsei Province. Dataanalysis performed was descriptive qualitative method and simple regression.The results of the study show that; 1) the contribution of the motor vehicle tax sector every yearto 12 districts / cities in Southeast Sulawesi Province is quite varied, and Kendari City is the biggestcontributor to PKB income and the lowest contribution is North Buton Regency; 2) During the period 2018-2015 the construction of road infrastructure (the length of the road built) was around 601.12 Km (10.24%),where the South Konawe Regency had the longest road length of 88.32 Km, while the construction of theshortest road was in Kabupaten Bombana namely 18.68 Km; and 3) the contribution (amount of revenue) ofthe PKB does not have a significant effect on the development of road infrastructure in Southeast SulawesiProvince so that the length of the road to be built in the future is around 5,270.75 Km, with a growth rate of10.24%. .Keywords: Contributions, Motor Vehicle Taxes and Road Infrastructure

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. The study successfully identified the utilization of coastal and marine areas within the research site. 2. Oceanographic parameters across the study area have been analyzed, providing insights into variations in environmental conditions favoring seagrass ecosystem resilience. 3. The structure of seagrass vegetation has been thoroughly observed, revealing differences in species composition, density, and coverage. 4. Furthermore, the study establishes the connectivity between coastal and marine spatial utilization, oceanographic factors, and seagrass ecosystem dynamics, highlighting their interdependent relationships. Abstract This study aims to assess the ecological status of seagrass meadows and their relationship with dugong (Dugong dugon) habitats across four distinct ecological regions in East Java, Indonesia. Field assessments were conducted to evaluate seagrass community structure, oceanographic parameters, and the intensity of human activities. Seagrass distribution was mapped using Sentinel-2A satellite imagery, while seagrass health was evaluated through the Seagrass Ecological Quality Index (SEQI) and Importance Value Index (IVI). Statistical analyses, including Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were employed to identify significant differences and key environmental drivers. The results revealed marked spatial variation in oceanographic characteristics and seagrass coverage (p < 0.05). PCA showed that anthropogenic factors—particularly marine space utilization such as aquaculture and coastal development—were major contributors to seagrass degradation. Elevated nutrient concentrations were also associated with declining seagrass health, indicating land-based pollution as a dominant stressor. These findings underline the urgent need for integrated coastal zone management. Strengthening conservation policies, reducing terrestrial runoff, and implementing sustainable marine spatial planning are critical to safeguard seagrass ecosystems and ensure the long-term survival of dugong populations in Indonesian waters.