Abstract
The Arctic is undergoing rapid changes, with anthropogenic shifts in climate having important and well-documented impacts on habitat. Populations of predators and their prey are affected by changing climate and other anthropogenic factors, and these changing trophic interactions could have profound effects on breeding populations of Arctic birds. Variable abundance of lemmings (a primary prey of generalist Arctic predators) and increasing abundance of light geese (Lesser Snow and Ross’ Geese; a secondary prey) could have negative consequences for numerous sympatric shorebirds (an incidental prey). Using 16 years of predator-prey observations and 13-years of shorebird nest survival data at a site near a goose colony we identify relationships among geese, lemmings, and their shared predators and then relate predator indices to shorebird risk of nest predation. During two years, we also placed time-lapse cameras and artificial shorebird nests at increasing distances from a goose colony to document spatial trends in predators and their effect on risk of predation. In the long-term data, yearly indices of light geese positively influenced indices of gulls and jaegers, and shorebird nest predation rate was negatively correlated with jaeger and fox indices. All three predator indices were highest near the goose colony and artificial nest predation probability was negatively correlated with distance from goose colony, but these effects were less apparent during the second year. Combined, these results highlight the variation in predator-mediated interactions between geese and shorebirds and outline one mechanism by which hyperabundant geese may be contributing to local or regional declines in Arctic-nesting shorebird populations.
Highlights
The Arctic is undergoing rapid changes with anthropogenic-driven shifts in climate having important and well-documented impacts on habitat quality, quantity, and spatial distribution (e.g., [1])
Over the 17-year period at East Bay Mainland we logged 13,453 human observer hours and during 13 years monitored 839 shorebird nests. During this time period we found evidence of an irregular lemming cycle with peaks occurring in 2001, 2008, and 2014 and often no lemmings observed during low years
Over 13 years we found that gull and jaeger abundance and activity indices were positively associated with yearly goose indices, regardless of lemming abundance and that during one of two years of camera monitoring all predator indices were negatively related to distance from goose colony
Summary
The Arctic is undergoing rapid changes with anthropogenic-driven shifts in climate having important and well-documented impacts on habitat quality, quantity, and spatial distribution (e.g., [1]). Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) and jaegers (Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus and to a lesser extent, Long-tailed Jaeger, S. longicaudus) depredate shorebird nests “incidentally” [11,12] lemmings (Dicrostonyx spp., Lemmus spp.) and the eggs and chicks of larger birds such as geese are the primary or secondary prey, and shorebird nests may be depredated opportunistically when they are encountered [13]. These predators constitute the primary cause of nest failure for shorebirds across the Arctic [12,14,15]. Lemmings, goose eggs, and goslings interact with shorebirds indirectly by influencing the abundance and behaviour of their shared predators
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