Abstract
We present an in-depth study of a rapid, noninvasive, single-shot optical method of determining cluster mass fraction fc(r, t) at specified positions r within, and at time t after opening the valve of, a pulsed high-pressure pulsed supersonic gas jet. A ∼2 mJ, 40 fs pump pulse ionizes the monomers, causing an immediate drop in the jet's refractive index njet proportional to monomer density, while simultaneously initiating hydrodynamic expansion of the clusters. The latter leads to a second drop in njet that is proportional to cluster density and is delayed by ∼1 ps. A temporally stretched probe pulse measures the 2-step index evolution in a single shot by frequency-domain holography, enabling recovery of fc. We present a model for recovering fc from fs-time-resolved phase shifts. We also present extensive measurements of spatio-temporal profiles fc(r,t) of cluster mass fraction in a high-pressure supersonic argon jet for various values of backing pressure P0 and reservoir temperature T0.
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