Spatial heterogeneity and determinants of recreational vehicle and tent campsites in China: Insights from the OPGD model

Langzhong Ancient City is one of the four ancient cities in China, with multiple honors such as being a national historical and cultural city and an excellent tourist city in China. At the same time, the Langzhong Municipal Government also closely adheres to the goal of "high-quality construction of world ancient city tourism destinations" and unwaveringly adheres to the development strategy of "strengthening the city through industry and revitalizing the city through culture and tourism". However, there are many problems in the Japanese translation and promotion of the Langzhong Ancient City scenic area, which will greatly restrict the healthy development of the tourism industry in Langzhong City. Therefore, this article focuses on studying the current situation of Japanese translation in the scenic area of Langzhong Ancient City, including both the Japanese translation gaps in the scenic area and the mistranslation and omission in the scenic area. Based on this, targeted normative measures are proposed for the Japanese translation gaps and Chinese literal translation in the scenic area of Langzhong Ancient City.

Air quality is directly related to human health and sustainable economic and social development. In recent years, the deterioration of air quality has become one of the most important environmental problems in most cities in China. As one of the main urban spaces, the scenic area (SA) is a place that can provide the public with better air quality. Therefore, monitoring and analyzing the changes in air quality in SA is of great significance to the public. In order to study the characteristics of the air pollutants in SA. The experiment collected six standard air pollutant data (i.e., PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2 and O3 from May 1, 2014, to April 30, 2017). The results indicated that: 1) The six standard air quality in SA of Fuzhou was better than that of most cities in China; 2) In spring, summer and fall, PM10 is the major air pollutant in SA, followed by PM2.5 And O3.

China's national policy formulation undergone economic transformation and shaped the making of policies in promotion of private business and stock market regulation. China's distinctive process of central-local interaction in policy generation is one of its core strengths in reforming its economy.

The Realistic Predicament and Innovation Path of Environment Public Governance in China

The long-standing model of high energy consumption growth of China has put the country at a market disadvantage in terms of clean technological innovation and clean goods production. With the support of national policies, China’s environmental industry has achieved rapid development. However, the key to establishing a long-term effective mechanism is how to encourage enterprises to develop and use green and clean technologies. Thus, we construct a theoretical model related to environmental policies and then derive the impact of heterogeneous environmental policies on different research and development (R&D) approaches. The environmental and economic effects of heterogeneous environmental policies are then explored by incorporating environmental quality and economic growth into the model. Next, we evaluate the policy effect based on the panel data of prefecture-level cities in China from 2009 to 2016. In a further discussion, we measure the decoupling indices of carbon emissions and economic growth for each of the 281 prefecture-level cities in China using the Tapio model. Through theoretical derivation and empirical analysis, this paper provides a more comprehensive study of the green bias effect of environmental policies. The results show that environmental policies can significantly promote green technological innovation regardless of the R&D approach adopted by firms. The difference is that when firms conduct their own R&D, the sector’s R&D efficiency parameters determine the direction of technological innovation steering. When technological innovation is introduced externally, the substitution relationship between sectoral products determines whether environmental policy is effective. Finally, the combination of environmental regulation and government subsidies is more effective in green-biasing technological innovation.

Environmental issues are viewed as a serious problem with a complex network structure involving various stakeholders. Environmental governance is considered the most reasonable way to promote environmental policy, and it is an important mechanism contributing to the sustainable development of society. Through the network analysis of actor and policy keywords, this study demonstrated whether environmental governance policies are being pursued through the cooperation of various participants in China, the epicenter of global environmental issues. We collected text big data from 2001 to 2018 under the theme of “environmental policy” on the main online portal web in China. Through text mining, key actors and policy keywords were selected according to the timing of environmental policy promotion, and network analysis and core-periphery analysis were conducted based on this actor/keywords data set. The results of this study are as follows. First, China’s environmental policy is a rudimentary governance cooperation structure, and the central and local governments are still the main policy-promoting actors. Second, the fundamental solution of the environmental problem through readjustment of the environment-related system and industrial restructuring has become the keyword for China’s implementation of environmental policy at present. Third, there were certain words, such as social, public, enterprise, and institution, in the aspects of environmental governance, while these words failed to be at the center of multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis for the actors. This result shows that environmental governance and network are still at an early stage and that the Chinese government’s strong power lies in its environmental policy. Based on these results, policy recommendations are presented.

Spatial heterogeneity represents a general characteristic of the inequitable distributions of spatial issues. The spatial stratified heterogeneity analysis investigates the heterogeneity among various strata of explanatory variables by comparing the spatial variance within strata and that between strata. The geographical detector model is a widely used technique for spatial stratified heterogeneity analysis. In the model, the spatial data discretization and spatial scale effects are fundamental issues, but they are generally determined by experience and lack accurate quantitative assessment in previous studies. To address this issue, an optimal parameters-based geographical detector (OPGD) model is developed for more accurate spatial analysis. The optimal parameters are explored as the best combination of spatial data discretization method, break number of spatial strata, and spatial scale parameter. In the study, the OPGD model is applied in three example cases with different types of spatial data, including spatial raster data, spatial point or areal statistical data, and spatial line segment data, and an R “GD” package is developed for computation. Results show that the parameter optimization process can further extract geographical characteristics and information contained in spatial explanatory variables in the geographical detector model. The improved model can be flexibly applied in both global and regional spatial analysis for various types of spatial data. Thus, the OPGD model can improve the overall capacity of spatial stratified heterogeneity analysis. The OPGD model and its diverse solutions can contribute to more accurate, flexible, and efficient spatial heterogeneity analysis, such as spatial patterns investigation and spatial factor explorations.

Newly discovered bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-phenyl phosphate (BEHPP) was a ubiquitous contaminant in surface soils from a typical region, South China

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution can harm the climate, the environment, and human health. With sustainability initiatives receiving increasing attention, whether compact urban development can yield green environmental benefits has become an essential research proposition among urban planners. The compact city theory advocates energy efficiency enhancement through the mutual superposition of urban functions. First, a theoretical analysis framework for the effect of urban compactness on environmental quality was constructed. Second, on the basis of panel data from 285 prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2021, exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) was applied to reveal the spatiotemporal nonstationary distribution of urban PM2.5 pollution. Finally, the heterogeneous influence mechanisms of compact urban factors on PM2.5 pollution were empirically studied through the geographical and temporal weighted regression (GTWR) model. The main findings are as follows: (1) From 2010 to 2021, the proportion of cities in China with good air quality significantly increased. The cities with high–high pollution clustering are currently located mainly in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, Shandong, and Henan. (2) Economic and transportation compactness factors mitigated PM2.5 pollution in most cities, whereas the long-term combined effects of the population and land compactness factors may have exacerbated urban PM2.5 pollution. (3) There was significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the effects of urban compactness factors on air pollution. Cities where land-use compactness exerts a pollution mitigation effect were located east of the Hu line. Cities in Northeastern China had the strongest pollution mitigation effect from transportation compactness, followed by the cities in Southwestern China.

The gray water footprint intensity represents the amount of freshwater resources that need dilution of pollutants per unit of economic output, which indicates the relationship among water pollution, water resources and economy. In this paper, the gray water footprint of 31 provinces (autonomous regions) in China was estimated based on different water bodies. The spatial pattern and spatial agglomeration characteristics of gray water footprint in China from 2000 to 2014 were explored from the perspective of spatial autocorrelation. By extending the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model, the impact of the total population, urbanization rate, per capita output value, the proportion of the tertiary industry, environmental pollution control intensity and R&D investment intensity on the degree of gray water footprint intensity are explored, with ridge regression analysis to solve the problem of collinearity affecting factors. Meanwhile, the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model is used to detect the spatial heterogeneity and spatio-temporal variation characteristics of the factors influencing gray water footprint intensity among regions. The study found that from 2000 to 2014, the gray water footprint of 31 provinces and cities in China was unstable; the domestic gray water footprint accounted for the largest proportion; the agricultural gray water footprint was mainly derived from nitrogen fertilizer, and the industrial and domestic gray water footprint was mainly derived from ammonia nitrogen. Water pollution varies from east to west. The total intensity of gray water footprint shows a downward trend, which is related to economic development and improvement of technological level. There is a positive correlation between the urbanization rate and the intensity of the gray water footprint. The total population, the per capita output value, the proportion of the tertiary industry, the intensity of environmental pollution control, the intensity of R&D input and the intensity of the gray water footprint are negatively correlated, and the influencing factors boast obvious spatial heterogeneity. The purpose is to reveal the key factors influencing gray water footprint intensity to ensure the sustainable development of economy, resources and environment through the formulation of regional differences in regulation and control policies.

Chapter 1: A Preview of Environmental Policies and Issues Robert Dibie. 2. Environmental Concepts and Applications Robert Dibie. Part I: Developed Countries. 3. Environmental Policies and Issues in the United States Robert Dibie and Mary Bourke. 4. Analysis Environmental Health Issues and Policies in Western Europe Emeka Nwagwu. 5. Environmental Health Policies and Issues in Canada Emmanuel Iyiegbuniwe and Robert Dibie. Part II: Developing Countries - Africa. 6. Environmental Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa Robert Dibie. 7. Environmental Policies and Issues in Ghana Albert O. Assibey-Mensah and Robert Dibie. 8. Environmental Policy and Impacts in South Africa Robert Dibie and Kealeboga Maphunye. 9. Environmental Policies and Issues in Ethiopia Robert Dibie. 10. Environmental Policy and Issues in Nigeria Offiong Offiong and Robert Dibie. Part III: Developing Countries - Other Continents. 11. Environmental Health Policy in Brazil Robert Dibie, William Mello, and Galia Benitez. 12. Environmental Policies and Issues in Jamaica Robert Dibie. 13. Environmental Policies and Issues in Trinidad and Tobago Robert Dibie. 14. Environmental Policies and Issues in Belize Emmanuel Iyiegbuniwe. 15. Environmental Policies and Issues in Some Arab Countries Robert Dibie and Muawya Hussein. Conclusion. 16. Environmental Sustainability and Solutions Robert Dibie.

At present, China’s environmental problem has become a problem that has to be solved on the road to the healthy development of the economy and society. Under the Chinese style of decentralization, performance evaluation becomes an important factor affecting the implementation of environmental policies. Based on the strategic interaction among local governments, this paper combines the theories of decentralization, administrative subcontract and political tournament, and puts forward relevant hypotheses: the greening of performance assessment helps make good competition between local governments in environmental governance; decentralization affects the relationship between performance appraisal and environmental governance strategic interaction among local governments. This paper uses the panel data of 272 prefecture-level cities in China between 2003 and 2014 to build the spatial Durbin model, and uses maximum likelihood estimation（MLE）to get the results after regression: reasonable performance evaluation index and decentralization system can make environmental governance develop in the direction of ‘benign competition’. As a whole, the environmental governance between local governments has a strategic interaction of ‘imitative competition’. Based on political tournament theory, this paper empirically studies the impact of performance assessment on the interaction of environmental governance strategies among cities in China. Results show that environmental performance indicators enhance the strategic interaction of race to the top” among cities, and economic performance indicators weaken the race to the top” strategic interaction among cities. Furthermore, based on the theories of political tournament” and administrative contract”, we examine the impact of the combination of performance appraisal and decentralization on the strategic interaction between local governments. Environmental performance indicators combined with higher authority can weaken the race to the bottom” strategic interaction, and enhance the race to the top” strategic interaction. If equipped with higher financial power, it will weaken the race to the bottom” strategic interaction. The combination of economic performance and higher authority enhances the competitive interaction strategy and weakens the race to the top” strategic interaction. If the financial power is bigger, it will enhance the race to the bottom” strategic interaction. Accordingly, policy implications are given as follows: to establish the linkage mechanism” of environmental governance, namely joint defense and joint control” is the way to effectively control the environment; how to set reasonable performance evaluation index by the central government to hold the nose of an ox of local government environmental governance is the priority among priorities; a reasonable set of performance evaluation indicators, accompanied by reasonable decentralization system, namely environmental performance indicators as hard constraints” with the property rights and power, will encourage local government environmental governance to benign competition, to make the implementation of environmental policies get twice the result with half the effort.

Studying the structure of polycentric cities can promote a better understanding of urban development and contribute to urban planning. In this study, we identified polycentric cities in China and evaluated the urban centre development level of polycentric cities from new data and method. We used Luojia-1A night-time light (NTL) data, combined with the concept of natural cities (NCs), to identify urban centres and thus identify polycentric cities in China. In addition, we used the urban centre development index (UCDI) to quantify the urban centre development level (UCDL) that represents the overall urban centre development level within a polycentric city. The polycentric cities in China are characterized by the spatial distribution pattern of a larger number in the east and fewer in the west. There are a large number of polycentric cities in eastern China, and the closer to the coastal areas, the more polycentric cities there are. The distribution of UCDL in China’s polycentric cities is characterized by significant spatial heterogeneity. UCDLs are generally smaller in polycentric cities in western China. In addition, polycentric cities in northeastern China have smaller UCDL. Polycentric cities with high UCDL are concentrated in the central and coastal regions of China.

Mergent's Dividend AchieversVolume 3, Issue 3 p. 266-266 U.S. Company Reports Sun Communities, Inc.† First published: 30 June 2006 https://doi.org/10.1002/div.4492 † Contact: : Gary A. Shiffman — Chmn., Pres., C.E.O. Address: : 27777 Franklin Road, Suite 200, Southfield, Ml 48034 Web Site: : www.suncommunities.com AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Property, Real Estate & Development (MIC: 8.3 SIC: 6798 NAIC: 525930) Sun Communities is a real estate investment trust. Co. owns, operates, develops and finances manufactured housing communities concentrated in the midwestern and southeastern U.S. As of Dec 31 2005, Co. owned and operated a portfolio of 135 properties in 18 states, including 123 manufactured housing communities, four recreational vehicle communities, and eight properties containing both manufactured housing and recreational vehicle sites. As of Dec 31 2005, Co.'s properties contained an aggregate of 47,385 developed sites comprised of 41,976 developed manufactured home sites and 5,409 recreational vehicle sites and an additional 6,942 manufactured home sites suitable for development. Volume3, Issue3Summer 2006Pages 266-266 RelatedInformation

Property, Real Estate & Development (MIC: 8.3 SIC: 798 NAIC: 25930)Sun Communities is a real estate investment trust. Co. owns, operates, develops and finances manufactured housing communities concentrated in the midwestern and southeastern U.S. As of Dec 31 2004, Co. owned and operated a portfolio of 136 properties located in 18 states, including 124 manufactured housing communities, five recreational vehicle communities, and seven properties containing both manufactured housing and recreational vehicle sites. As of Dec 31 2004, Co.'s properties contained an aggregate of 46,856 developed sites comprised of 41,875 developed manufactured home sites and 4,981 recreational vehicle sites and an additional 7,277 manufactured home sites suitable for development.