Spatial Abilities, Haptic Perception, Anatomy Knowledge and Technical Skills Performance in Health Care

Abstract

Spatial ability has been defined as a skill in representing, transforming, generating and recalling symbolic, non‐linguistic information. Two distinct human spatial abilities have been identified: visualization and orientation. A sex difference in spatial abilities favoring male has been documented. A pattern of negative age effects on spatial abilities has also been demonstrated.Haptics has been originally defined as the science of human touch. Spatial abilities assessed by vision‐based tests were positively correlated with a drawing score based on blind haptic perception of objects and negatively correlated with time to perform correct drawings of objects from blind haptic perception. Similarly, vision‐based spatial abilities tests were correlated with pictures of objects recognized from blind haptic perception. Decreasing haptic perception while increasing working memory and cognitive load decreased performance on drawings and picture recognition of objects from blind haptic perception. Spatial abilities were correlated to the effect of working memory on drawings, but not on picture recognition of objects. These findings may be explained by the two‐dimensional (2D) nature of picture recognition and three‐dimensional (3D) nature of making a perspective drawing of an object.The interrelationship between spatial abilities tests based on vision, anatomy knowledge and technical skills performance in health care was conceptually viewed as a triangle (Figure) .Spatial abilities and anatomy knowledgeAn applied anatomy course was chosen by many medical graduates because of training needs rather than innate spatial abilities. In a systematic review, spatial abilities were found to be correlated to anatomy knowledge assessment using practical examination, 3D synthesis from 2D views of structure, drawing of views, and cross‐sections. Evidence was found in a systematic review for improvement of spatial abilities in anatomy education using instruction in anatomy and mental rotations training.Spatial abilities and technical skills in health careA studied sample of medical graduates over a five‐year period was not found to choose their residency programs based on their innate spatial abilities. In a systematic review, spatial abilities were found to be correlated negatively to duration and positively to the quality of technical skills performance in novices and intermediate learners. Spatial abilities test scores were found in a systematic review to be enhanced by courses in abdominal sonography and hands‐on radiology, but were not improved by residency training in General Surgery and first‐year dental curriculum.Anatomy knowledge, technical skills in health care and spatial abilitiesNo studies were identified in a systematic review of the interrelationship between anatomy knowledge, technical skills performance and spatial abilities.Vision‐based spatial abilities tests were correlated to blind haptic perception and were found to be an important skill determinant of individual differences in learning spatial anatomy and technical skills in health care.Support or Funding InformationSeveral research projects were supported by internal grants from the Department of Surgery, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.Figure 1