Abstract
ObjectivesChina is one of the 22 tuberculosis (TB) high-burden countries in the world. As TB is a major public health problem in China, spatial analysis could be applied to detect geographic distribution of TB clusters for targeted intervention on TB epidemics.MethodsSpatial analysis was applied for detecting TB clusters on county-based TB notification data in the national notifiable infectious disease case reporting surveillance system from 2005 to 2011. Two indicators of TB epidemic were used including new sputum smear-positive (SS+) notification rate and total TB notification rate. Global Moran’s I by ArcGIS was used to assess whether TB clustering and its trend were significant. SaTScan software that used the retrospective space-time analysis and Possion probability model was utilized to identify geographic areas and time period of potential clusters with notification rates on county-level from 2005 to 2011. ResultsTwo indicators of TB notification had presented significant spatial autocorrelation globally each year (p<0.01). Global Moran’s I of total TB notification rate had positive trend as time went by (t=6.87, p<0.01). The most likely clusters of two indicators had similar spatial distribution and size in the south-central regions of China from 2006 to 2008, and the secondary clusters in two regions: northeastern China and western China. Besides, the secondary clusters of total TB notification rate had two more large clustering centers in Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Qinghai provinces and several smaller clusters in Shanxi, Henan, Hebei and Jiangsu provinces.ConclusionThe total TB notification cases clustered significantly in some special areas each year and the clusters trended to aggregate with time. The most-likely and secondary clusters that overlapped among two TB indicators had higher TB burden and risks of TB transmission. These were the focused geographic areas where TB control efforts should be prioritized.
Highlights
Great achievements have been made for Tuberculosis (TB) control during last two decades
The risks of TB transmission in an area are influenced by the epidemics of TB in neighboring areas, as shown by high-risk transmission areas cluster in some regions
Spatial-temporal analysis by SaTScan such as described in this study identified TB space-time clusters
Summary
Great achievements have been made for Tuberculosis (TB) control during last two decades. The prevalence of TB had decreased globally from over 250 cases per 100,000 population in 1990 to 170 cases per 100,000 in 2011[1]. TB continues to be a major public health problem in China with an estimated 1 million incident cases reported which alone contributed 11% to the global TB incident in 2010[2]. The number of new TB cases in China ranks second in the world, despite that substantial progress has been made and the prevalence of TB had decreased from 215 per 100,000 in 1990 to 108 per 100,000 in 2010. In China, the epidemic of TB is unevenly distributed within the country with higher prevalence in rural, especially in the relatively poor north and west areas
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