Abstract
Tree breeding of teak results in selected clones with high growth. Intensive silviculture is required to support a large-scale clonal teak plantation. Appropriate spacing is one of the methods to increase forest plantation productivity. Research of teak clone spacing was conducted on a seven-year-old clonal teak plantation with randomized completely block design. The treatments tested in this study were four plant spacing distances, namely, 3 m × 3 m, 6 m × 2 m, 8 m × 2 m, and 10 m × 2 m. Results show that spacing had significantly different effects on diameter, height, bole height, branch angle, crown area, crown projections, volume, and competition index. However, the height growth did not exhibit any significant differences. The 10 m × 2 m spacing produced the best diameter growth, crown area, and competition index, but has a low volume per hectare and the lowest height of free branch and branch angle. Meanwhile, the 3 m × 3 m spacing will increase bole height and stand volume per hectare. This result suggests that spacing could improve the growth of teak clone but must be followed by intensification of proper maintenance to reduce branch angle and increase bole height.
Highlights
Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is the most important hardwood species in the world (FAO, 2013) because of its strength, straightness, workability, resistance to many pests and diseases (Zanin, 2005), and durability and stability (Palanisamy et al, 2009)
Space planting significantly affected the development of diameter at breast height (DBH) (F = 52.12), branch angle (F = 7.94), crown area (F = 303.15), and competition index (CI) (F = 57.514) on teak clones seven years after planting (Table 3 and Table 4)
Our results indicate that the spacing would increase the number of individuals with a large DBH, where the number of individuals of the class DBH > 25 cm at 10 m × 2 m spacing was the highest among all spacing treatments (Figure 6)
Summary
Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is the most important hardwood species in the world (FAO, 2013) because of its strength, straightness, workability, resistance to many pests and diseases (Zanin, 2005), and durability and stability (Palanisamy et al, 2009). Teak is the only hardwood resource planted on a large scale and has attracted large investments from the private sector in Africa, Asia, and Latin America (Kollert & Cherubini, 2012). The world's source of teak wood is >29 million ha of natural forests and 6.89 million ha plantations (Kollert & Chaerubini, 2012). The global consumption of teak continues to increase, whereas the source of teak from natural forests decreases due to illegal logging and competition with other natural resources. Teak forest plantations in the world cover between 4.35 to 6.89 million ha, of which more than 80% are grown in Asia, 10% in Africa, and 6% in tropical America (Kollert & Kleine, 2017). In 2012, teak forests in Java covered an area of 1,750,860 ha (MoF, 2012), which means a decrease of 750,326 ha
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