SPACE AND HUMANITY

The purpose of this paper is to explore the profound impact of scientific and technological progress on the field of art. First of all, it briefly introduces the close relationship between scientific and technological progress and artistic development, and clarifies the research theme of the article. Then, from the historical point of view, it combs the role of scientific and technological progress in promoting the development of art in different historical periods. Then, it analyzes the innovations and changes brought about by the development of science and technology in the field of art, and how these changes affect artists' creative methods and concepts. On this basis, it further discusses the positive and negative impact of scientific and technological progress on art, and makes an in-depth analysis through specific cases. Finally, it predicts the opportunities and challenges brought by the development of science and technology to the art field in the future.

The social aspect (the restructuring of thinking, way of life and activity, quality of life, education) is determined by the deficiency of fundamental scientific information on trends, issues, necessary conditions and possibilities of using foreign experience in managing the social consequences of scientific and technological development (progress) at the present stage of Russian modernization. In this context, the changes, introduced by the scientific and technical progress (STP), which invade all aspects of human life, changing labor incentives, education and representation of human happiness, become an important object of study. Purpose of the study. The study of foreign experience of social consequences of scientific and technological development (progress) at the present stage to assess the possibility of fragmented or integrated use of the new knowledge in the formation of long-term strategies for the development of science and technology, taking into account the social needs of society. R & D tasks. To effectively address the problems of modernization and restructuring of Russia it is necessary to explore and identify patterns and trends in the development of scientific and technological progress and social aspects of thinking changes, lifestyle and human activities for their subsequent use in the measurement and control of the social aspects of human life. To this should be investigated: 1. Peculiarities of scientific and technological development in the next stage of the «long wave» of progress, which leads to the need for programming the development of the social aspect of the measure and the regulation of the quality of human life. 2. Positive and negative social consequences of the development of scientific and technical progress. 3. The impact of new challenges, factors and conditions, caused by the development of science and technology. 4. Proposals for the analysis of the linkages and the risks of introduction of science and technology in everyday life. 5. The role of education in preventing the consequences of scientific and technological progress Materials and Methods: The methodological and theoretical basis of the research were the works of foreign researchers, who have studied the problems of the infl uence of NTP on the development of human society. In order to ensure the comprehensiveness and reliability of research results publications on research topic in the press and the Internet were used in the work. When conducting research and presenting the material philosophical and scientific methods and approaches, specific institutional methods of analysis: system-structural, functional, comparative, evolutionary, interdisciplinary, comparative analysis method were applied. Results: The study data were obtained, indicating the complex nature of the impact and far ambiguous and contradictory infl uence of NTP on the life of human, taking place «lag» awareness of the consequences of scientific and technical progress. Conclusion: Formation of the scientific and technical policy of the state must be carried in the conditions of state control systems for development of the of NTP in a risk society. Key importance in this system belongs to education as one of the major factors directly affecting the understanding of the effect of NTP on all aspects of human life, the formation of advanced consciousness, and, as a consequence, enhance the security of human society life.

The development of rocket and space technology [1], space research, and the exploration of outer space is one of the main stages in the development of science in general. Space exploration is not only a stage in the development of space science, but a whole era of scientific progress in various fields. Astronautics in this case is an object of synthesis of scientific achievements in various fields of science and technology. It demonstrates all-time high demands on the reliability of systems and equipment, prompting the industry in turn to reach a level that it was not characteristic of yesterday. Thus, the development of the space component of individual states determines their development in the world from the point of view of scientific and technological progress. The International Space Station (ISS) [1]–[3] is one of the most complex projects realized by large teams of leading engineers and scientists from different countries. One of the most important tasks of life support of the ISS work is the management of the cargo flow of delivery of various cargoes required for conducting space experiments. In turn, in order to achieve high efficiency of material and technical supply, rational management of material resources is necessary, as well as the formation of information flows at a high level. In spite of the fact that the task of accounting for commodity circulation and the tasks of managing supply chains has been resolved, the use of ground technologies in outer space is directly impossible. To plan the flow of goods, it is necessary to take into account a variety of factors, criteria, rules, preferences and limitations different by the nature thereof. Any important event leads to a chain of rescheduling many other related actions, which for the space industry leads to a complication of the process structures. This task is especially important in the study of traffic flows and the development of new models and methods of supply chain management for the ISS. The purpose of the work is to conduct research and analysis of the existing systems of accounting for transport and storage operations and study the applicability of RFID technology, the presentation of the draft flowchart of the commodity circulation systems for the ISS. The article presents a system analysis of various types of tags, and a summary table of their characteristics is given.

Arabic Abstract: هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على أثر بحوث التسويق في تحديد سياسات الإنتاج لمنظمات الأعمال في قطاع غزة، حيث تم استخدام المتغير الوسيط التقدم العلمي والتكنولوجي. وتم بناء نموذج البحث وتحديد متغيراته والفرضيات اعتمادا على أدبيات الدراسة، وتم تطوير مقاييس الدراسة بناء على الدراسات السابقة حيث تم تصميم استبانة لجمع البيانات. وقد بلغت عينة الدراسة (103) باستخدام العينة الطبقية العشوائية، وكانت أهم النتائج أن: معامل الارتباط بيرسون بين بحوث التسويق والتقدم العلمي والتكنولوجي يساوي (0.268) وهو معامل ارتباط إيجابي دال إحصائيا، وأن معامل الارتباط بين بحوث التسويق وتحديد سياسات الإنتاج (0.210) وهو معامل ارتباط إيجابي دال إحصائيا أيضا. وأن تأثير المتغير المستقل بحوث التسويق على المتغير التابع تحديد سياسات الإنتاج بدون إدخال المتغير الوسيط في العلاقة تبين أن معامل التحديد غير دال إحصائيا عند مستوى معنوية (0.01)، وكانت العلاقة بين المتغيرين ضعيفة. وبعد إدراج المتغير الوسيط على العلاقة بين المتغيرين المستقل والتابع تبين أن التقدم العلمي والتكنولوجي يتوسط توسط جزئي. وأخيرا لا يوجد أثر دال إحصائيا بين كل من بحوث التسويق وتحديد سياسات الإنتاج والتقدم العلمي والتكنولوجي وبين التفاعلات المشتركة: الجنس والمسمى الوظيفي وعمر الشركة. وقد أوصت الدراسة بضرورة اهتمام إدارة الشركات والمصانع بتوفير متطلبات تطبيق واستغلال مكونات التقدم التعلمي والتكنولوجي والتي تؤدي إلى زيادة الإنتاج وتطوير الكفاءة البشرية وتحقيق الربح. English Abstract: This study aimed to identify the impact of marketing research in determining production policies for business organizations in Gaza Strip, where the intermediate variable scientific and technological progress was used. The research model was built and its variables and hypotheses were based on the literature of the study. The study measures were developed based on previous studies, a questionnaire was designed to collect data. The study sample reached (103) using the stratified random sample, and the most important results were that: The Pearson correlation coefficient between marketing research and scientific and technological progress is (0.268) which is a statistically significant correlation factor. And the correlation coefficient between Marketing research and determination of production policies (0.210), which is a statistically significant correlation coefficient. The effect of the independent variable marketing research on the dependent variable determining production policies without introducing the median variable in the relationship shows that the determination parameter is not statistically significant at the level of significance (0.01), the relationship between the two variables was a weak. After including the intermediate variable on the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, it was found that scientific progress and technology mediates partial mediation. Finally, there is no statistically significant effect between marketing research, determining production policies, scientific and technological progress, and common interactions: gender, job title, and company age. The study recommended that the management of companies and factories should pay attention to providing the requirements for applying and exploiting the components of educational and technological progress that lead to increasing production, developing of human efficiency, and achieving profit.

The exploration and use of outer space, which began in the mid-twentieth century, led to the formation of international space law, designed to regulate the relations of States in this relatively new sphere of human activity. The undulating nature of the development of this branch of international law, for objective reasons, has led to the complication of international legal regulation of space activities. The dynamics of scientific and technological progress and the development of technologies in the space sphere exacerbates competition between space powers and international organizations, creates new challenges for international cooperation in space exploration and requires innovative legal solutions. The doctrine of international law is faced with the task of generalizing new problems and processes and developing conceptual models for the further development of international space law. The dynamics of the conceptual perception of international space law is traced, new theoretical approaches to the concept of the international legal status of outer space and individual regimes and concepts of its use in modern conditions are proposed. Taking into account the trends in the institutionalization of international space activities and the impact of economic integration processes on international cooperation in space, primarily in the Euro-Asian region, the role of international organizations in the international legal regulation of space activities and the harmonization of national legislation is analyzed. In addition, certain aspects of future space exploration are considered as a legal forecast. For researchers, teachers, postgraduates and students, civil servants and practicing lawyers, as well as for anyone interested in the problems of modern international law.

Introduction. The article is devoted to identifying and analyzing the shortcomings of the dominant competitive-market economic scien­tific and educational paradigm and its corresponding doctrine of de­velopment in the context of global challenges in the development of civilization, including those caused by scientific and technological development. As an alternative, a utility-based approach to the eval­uation and measurement of scientific and technological progress, the use of which can bring humanity to the trajectory of truly sustaina­ble development, is proposed as a means to offset these shortcom­ings. Methods. In carrying out the study, we used theoretical scien­tific methods including comparison, analysis, synthesis, abstraction, concretization, systematic approach, and mental modeling. Results and Discussion. The sharp exacerbation of the geopolitical situation and the unprecedented aggravation of other fundamental challenges to human development in recent years empirically proves that the dominant paradigm in both the world and in the post-Soviet space, borrowed from the West competitive-market economic scientific and educational one, has a number of serious flaws. In this regard, this ar­ticle is the first to highlight the need to find and develop a new system of economic knowledge and a corresponding doctrine of socio-eco­nomic development. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that in it, the problems generated by scientific and technological pro­gress are primarily directly linked to the current competitive market doctrine of development, which puts the former's achievements in the service of profit extraction by a select few through the use of na­ture and other people as expendable (cost) resources. Secondly, the author is the first to identify and comprehensively characterize the fundamental shortcomings of the competitive-market economic sci­entific and educational paradigm, including excessive mathematical formalism, idealization of the models used, their excessive abstract­ness and detachment from practice; cost character as identification of the results of economic activity with the costs of its implementa­tion; statism as the inability to justify the emergence of more from less in the process of economic activity, i. e., economic growth and development; and the inability to adequately explain and measure scientific and technological progress. It is shown that these short­comings, on the one hand, threaten the economic sovereignty of Be­larus and Russia and their technological, economic and national se­curity. On the other hand, these defects are one of the main reasons for the emergence and current aggravation of global contradictions in the development of global civilization as a whole. Thirdly, the au­thor is the first to conclude that without eliminating the set of short­comings identified, among which the most critical are the cost focus and their fundamentally static nature, it is impossible to ensure truly sustainable, crisis-free development. A possible option for overcom­ing the static and cost-based nature of traditional approaches to the evaluation and measurement of scientific and technological progress within the framework of the utility (consumer-value) concept of eco­nomic theory is proposed. It is shown that, from this point of view, it is possible to quantitatively measure and commensurate the useful­ness of technical factors of production on the basis of an objective criterion — the savings in human labor provided by their productive use — as well as to calculate the utility effect and efficiency of new technology. Conclusion. This study made a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental shortcomings of the competitive-market economic scientific and educational paradigm and the use of the utility (con­sumer-value) approach in the assessment and measurement of sci­entific and technological progress in the context of overcoming the challenges caused by it. This opens a real prospect for overcoming the cost focus of the world economy and transitioning to truly sus­tainable development of human civilization, as proposed.

PurposeThis study aims to develop the first Theory of Technological Response and Progress in Chaos (TRPC) and examine the case of technological development during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research objectives of this study were to: identify the key technologies that act as a response mechanism during the chaos event, specifically in the case of COVID-19; examine how technologies evolve, develop and diffuse in an immediate crisis and a chaotic environment; theorise various types and periods of technological response and progress during the emergence of chaos and the stages that unfold; and develop policy-oriented recommendations and establish technological foundations to address subsequent chaos events.Design/methodology/approachThis study used the grounded theory as a methodology with a mixed-method approach that included quantitative and qualitative methods. The authors used the quantitative method to assist with the qualitative step to build the TRPC theory. Accordingly, this study integrated machine learning and text mining approaches to the qualitative data analysis following the steps of the grounded theory approach.FindingsAs a result of the TRPC theory development process, the authors identified three types of technologies (survival, essential and enhancement technologies) and five types of periods (stable, initial, survival-dominant, essential-dominant and enhancement-dominant periods) that are specific to chaos-technology interactions. The policy implications of this study demonstrate that a required technological base and know-how must be established before a chaotic event emerges.Research limitations/implicationsConcerning the limitations of this study, social media data has advantages over other data sources, such as the examination of dynamic areas and analyses of immediate responses to chaos. However, other researchers can examine publications and patent sources to augment the findings concerning scientific approaches and new inventions in relation to COVID-19 and other chaos-specific developments. The authors developed the TRPC theory by studying the COVID-19 pandemic, however, other researchers can utilise it to study other chaos-related conditions, such as chaotic events that are caused by natural disasters. Other scholars can investigate the technological response and progress pattern in other rapidly emerging chaotic events of an uncertain and complex nature to augment these findings.Practical implicationsFollowing the indications of the OECD (2021a) and considering the study conducted by the European Parliamentary Research Service (Kritikos, 2020), the authors identified the key technologies that are significant for chaos and COVID-19 response using machine learning and text intelligence approach. Accordingly, the authors mapped all technological developments using clustering approaches, and examined the technological progress within the immediate chaos period using social media data.Social implicationsThe key policy implication of this study concerns the need for policymakers to develop policies that will help to establish the required technological base and know-how before chaos emerges. As a result, a rapid response can be implemented to mitigate the chaos and transform it into a competitive advantage. The authors also revealed that this recommendation overlaps with the model of dynamic capabilities in the literature (Teece and Pisano, 2003). Furthermore, this study recommends that nations and organisations establish a technological base that specifically includes technologies that bear 3A characteristics. These are the most crucial technologies for the survival- and essential-dominant stages. Moreover, the results of this study demonstrate that chaos accelerates technological progress through the rapid adoption and diffusion of technologies into different fields. Hence, nations and organisations should regard this rapid progress as an opportunity and establish the prior knowledge base and technologies before chaos emerges.Originality/valueThe authors have contributed to the chaos studies and the relationship between chaos and technological development by establishing the first theoretical foundation using the grounded theory approach, hereafter referred to as the TRPC theory. As part of the TRPC theory, the authors present three periods of technological response in the following sequence: survival technology, essential technology and enhancement technology. Moreover, this study illustrates the evolving technological importance and priorities as the periods of technological progress proceed under rapidly developing chaos.

Scientific progress and technical innovations are necessary not only to raise, or at least to secure, our present level of prosperity and to ensure competitiveness in the global market, but also to progress further in medicine and sustainable development. On these points there is, to a great extent, consensus. Scientific and technical progress, however, do not produce only positive outcomes. New technologies have unintended side effects, such as hazards to the natural environment, to human health or to society at large. The ozone hole, the long unrecognized carcinogenic effects of asbestos and catastrophic accidents, such as Bhopal or Chernobyl, are well‐known examples (Harremoes et al , 2002). This ambivalence of science and technology is largely acknowledged today, and has led to risk research, technology assessment and ethical reflection to anticipate, counter and minimize the negative effects (Grunwald, 2002). > …technology optimists are also a hindrance to scientific and technological progress, and its implementation… But there are still considerable differences in the public acceptance of research and new technologies and their potential risks: “The core problem…is the ongoing conflict between those who embrace the changes that come with new vistas of research and those who loathe and dread them” (Gannon, 2003). Basically, the public debate about new technologies is characterized by these two extreme positions. On one side are the technology sceptics, who exclusively look at the risks, expect mainly negative effects from technological progress and demand ‘zero risk’ for all new technologies. On the opposite side are the technology optimists, who—in conformity with the once prevalent optimistic belief in progress—expect mainly positive effects from technology and demand that ‘residual risk’ must be accepted. I find both extremes exaggerated and one‐sided, and I believe that both standpoints are, in the long run, detrimental to scientific and technological progress and their acceptance in …

This article is dedicated to the problems and processes of the activation of scientific and technological progress in the context of contemporary challenges of the creation of a knowledge-based society and knowledge economy. The main focus here is on activating innovations, scientific and technological progress and creating various preconditions for the development of a knowledge-based society and knowledge economy.The contemporary processes and phenomena of innovations of scientific and technological progress and of its activation are analyzed in a complex manner; the needs for the purposeful activation and acceleration of scientific and technological progress, in particular in response to the aspirations of the knowledge-based society and the creation of a knowledge economy, are investigated in the presented material.The role and importance of innovation activities and the acceleration of scientific and technological advance in the context of the creation of a knowledge-based society and a knowledge economy are revealed and highlighted. New ideas of the search and use of synergetic effects, as well as a new theoretical approach based on the so-called universal principle of the creation of a “new quality,” are described.The results of the presented research can be used for preparing practical recommendations and methodologies that could be applied in the creation and implementation of the managerial and economic instruments and support systems aimed at the purpose of activating the processes of innovations and scientific and technological progress. These recommendations and methodolies could also be utilized in the development of international relations in the context of what is required in the creation of a knowledge-based society and knowledge economy.It is shown that the problems and processes of scientific and technological progress can be appreciated as an extremely important and viable field of scientific research on the creation and development of a knowledge economy.
 Keywords: knowledge economy, scientific and technological progress, innovation, synergy, networking

The article is concerned with the main trends of technical and technological development, which are characteristic of the world economy in the 21st century. The facts of economic history relating to technical and technological development demonstrate the periodic change in technological leadership of certain countries of the world. The system of indicators is singled out, on the basis of which the country’s place in the global technological space is diagnosed, as well as the forecasting of further trends in its development on the path of scientific and technological progress is carried out. Based on the world rankings on the total domestic costs of science, their share in the gross domestic product of the country, the cost of R&D per researcher (equivalent to full employment) shows the provisions of individual countries as to financial support of technical and technological development. The research potential is described on the basis of such indicator as the total number of researchers in a particular country. It is demonstrated that these indicators, describing in its totality the level of provision of a particular country with financial and labor resources, through which new knowledge is created, do not always indicate its success. With the involvement of the indicators of research and patent activity (which reflect the number of published articles and submitted applications for patents), as well as the global index of innovations, plus the index of development of information and communication technologies (which characterize the result of technical and technological development achieved by the country), the directions of advancement of countries in terms of technology and technology are determined. It is identified that the provision of resources for the production of new knowledge is a necessary, but insufficient condition for obtaining technological primacy in the world. It is proposed to evaluate the positions achieved by the country on the path of technical and technological development through the formation of an internal indicator, which reflects both its provision of resources for the production of new knowledge and the degree of return on their use. It is proved that this approach to the evaluation of technical and technological development allows to obtain more thorough information about its sources and factors, as well as to identify weaknesses on which the country should focus to promote scientific and technological progress.

The article is devoted to the problems of human resource management in the conditions of scientific, technical and technological development in accordance with the requirements of the market and society. This research develops the idea of an interconnected progressive development of science and technology, manifested in the constant impact of scientific discoveries and inventions on the level of development and use of human resources. The subject of this study defines scientific and technological progress as a complex category that has a functional organization in the structure of social reproduction. The authors highlight the fundamental characteristics of such a phenomenon as scientific and technological progress, pointing to its close relationship with the improvement of human resources, productive forces in general. These characteristics are interconnection and interdependence, because scientific and technological progress today is the main prerequisite for the development of human resources. The research is based on the position that the laws of technology development should be considered from the perspective of changing the structure of society’s needs, improving productive forces, changing factors of economic modernization, as well as industrial relations at various levels of society’s evolution. The authors substantiate the idea that today the progressive development of social and economic spheres is inseparable from the materialization of scientific and technological achievements, innovations. The results presented in the article can be used in forecasting technological trends, in the development of scientific and technical policy. The main provisions of the article may be in demand for the purposes of further theoretical and methodological substantiation and practical research on the problems of formation and development of human resources. The authors believe the fact that the modern mechanism of human resource management will be effective if it is based on the systemic interaction of scientific and technological progress, innovative processes and other factors described in the article. The main provisions of the article may be used for the purposes of further theoretical and methodological substantiation and practical developments on the problems of human resource management in the context of sustainable and innovative development.KeywordsHuman resourcesTechnological progressSustainable innovative developmentPriority systemManagement mechanismJEL ClassificationO15O33P00

The paper shows that the main sign of the difference between scientific and technological development (STD) and progress (STP) is the degree of impact on the industry in which they occur, which us defined by the keywords “development” and “progress”. In the first case, it is assumed that a transition from one state to another is indispensable, and it is only possible in the second one. Until recently, there is a lack of statistical information on “science and innovation activity” for agriculture as an independent industry. It is emphasized that to assess the level of agricultural development, first of all, it is necessary to apply economic indicators and criteria. Some researchers suggest using the “golden rule” for this purpose, which characterizes the development of the industry or organization. A proprietary version of this criterion is proposed. The completed study shows that the current problem of the pension system arose due to the authors ignoring its development of the scientific and technological progress in the country, as a result of which the living labor is being supplanted, wages are relatively reduced, and the ratio between pensioners and working citizens increases. Since the Pension Fund is formed at the expense of insurance premiums from accrued wages (fund of a payment, or FPW), the possibility of retirement benefits is quite naturally narrowed. The source of financing of the pension system should be a non-reducing wage (labor cost), and its result is the increasing value added.

This chapter traces the origins of humankind and conversely the birth of human ingenuity expressed in the development of lithic technology and science and follows its evolution and spread throughout the world. It reveals that, despite the fact that Africa was the precursor of the use of technology, the continent is lagging behind technological and scientific progress and explores the factors behind it. It further explores why the intellectual property system, which is the main driver of innovation and creativity, did not find fertile ground to put down roots in the continent to promote technological progress. The chapter illustrates that the absence of certain prerequisites led to ‘Africa conservatism’ on technological progress, such as: technological development, a conducive legal and political environment, and a philosophical set-up favourable to individual ownership of knowledge. Instead, the concomitant presence of those prerequisites in Europe encouraged intellectual property to thrive and promote technological progress.

The article examines the role of scientific and technological progress in stimulating the economic growth of the Republic of Tatarstan. The basic factors of economic dynamics included in the neoclassical production function are labor, fixed capital, and scientific and technological progress. When including the production functions of scientific and technological progress in models, it is often understood as the potential for the creation and diffusion of innovations in the economic environment. In this article, scientific and technological progress is regarded as a set of human, financial, infrastructural, and institutional resources that determine the overall innovative capabilities of the region and the level of its effectiveness in the field of science and technology to ensure qualitative and structural parameters of economic growth and development, increasing competitiveness at the meso, macro, and global level. The authors’ approach includes a thorough examination of the scientific and technological potential of Tatarstan over the past decade, offering insights into its different aspects. The methodological framework is based on a combination of quantitative and econometric methods. Based on this approach to definition and the methodological tools for measuring scientific and technological progress proposed by the authors, the authors attempt to construct the Solow production function. The assessment results are employed to determine the specific parameters of how productive factors impact the dynamics of GRP (illustrated by Tatarstan) and to identify patterns that highlight the significance of scientific and technological progress in shaping the prospects of economic dynamics during the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

This paper takes Tianjin for example and analyzes the development tend of scientific and technological progress in Tianjin. From five aspects as ‘environment of scientific and technological progress’, ‘input of scientific and technological activities’, ‘output of scientific and technological activities’, ‘high-tech industrialization’, ‘science and technology for economic and social development’, the paper analysis the correlation between GDP and scientific and technological progress. Research finding shows that these five indicators are all positive correlated with the GDP, and especially ‘environment of scientific and technological progress’, ‘input of scientific and technological activities’, and ‘science and technology for economic and social development’, which are significantly positive correlation of GDP. The extent to which these five indicators impact the GDP from strong to weak is ‘input of scientific and technological activities’, ‘science and technology for economic and social development’, ‘environment of scientific and technological progress’, ‘high-tech industrialization’, and ‘output of scientific and technological activities’. The ‘input of scientific and technological activities’ index (2011) in Tianjin scores only 70 which ranks fourth among the five indexes, however its impact on GDP is most significant. So it would be best for Tianjin to increase the human and financial input in ‘scientific and technological activities’ to promote the growth of GDP in future. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i8.3129 Full Text: PDF