Abstract
β-conglycinin has been identified as one of the major feed allergens. However, studies of β-conglycinin on fish are scarce. This study investigated the effects of β-conglycinin on the growth, digestive and absorptive ability, inflammatory response, oxidative status and gene expression of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) in vivo and their enterocytes in vitro. The results indicated that the specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake, and feed efficiency were reduced by β-conglycinin. In addition, activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, creatine kinase, Na+,K+-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase in the intestine showed similar tendencies. The protein content of the hepatopancreas and intestines, and the weight and length of the intestines were all reduced by β-conglycinin. β-conglycinin increased lipid and protein oxidation in the detected tissues and cells. However, β-conglycinin decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities and glutathione (GSH) content in the intestine and enterocytes. Similar antioxidant activity in the hepatopancreas was observed, except for GST. The expression of target of rapamycin (TOR) gene was reduced by β-conglycinin. Furthermore, mRNA levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) genes were increased by β-conglycinin. However, β-conglycinin increased CuZnSOD, MnSOD, CAT, and GPx1b gene expression. In conclusion, this study indicates that β-conglycinin induces inflammation and oxidation, and causes dysfunction of intestinal digestion and absorption in fish, and finally reduces fish growth. The results of this study provide some information to the mechanism of β-conglycinin-induced negative effects.
Highlights
Soybean meal (SBM) is an excellent plant protein source for fish feed [1]
In vivo Experiment Initial body weight (IBW), final body weight (FBW), special growth ratio (SGR), survival rate, feed intake (FI), feed efficiency (FE), hepatopancreas weight (HW), protein content (HPC) and somatic index (HSI) and intestinal weight (IW), intestinal protein content (IPC), intestinal length (IL), intestinal length index (ILI) and intestinal somatic index (ISI) and folds height in the proximal intestine (PI), mid intestine (MI) and distal intestine (DI) are presented in Table 1. b-conglycinin alone significantly reduced FBW by approximately 15.1% compared with the control, but cotreatment with Gln completely blocked the reduction of FBW caused by b-conglycinin
The specific growth rate (SGR) significantly increased by co-treatment with Gln compared with that of fish exposed to b-conglycinin alone (P,0.05); the value was equivalent to the control
Summary
High levels of soybean protein caused a poor growth rate in juvenile Jian carp SBM has been shown to decrease intestinal protease activity in juvenile tilapia [3] and reduce intestinal alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity in Jian carp [4]. These negative influences were partly due to the anti-nutritional factors present in SBM, such as b-conglycinin, glycinin, and trypsin inhibitor [5]. Among these anti-nutrients, b-conglycinin was suggested as being one of the key anti-nutritional factors [6]. Little attention has been given to the potential negative effects of bconglycinin on the growth, digestive and absorptive ability of fish
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