Soviet National Accounting 1955–1962: The Quest for Efficient Use of Funds

The article is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of tax liens as one of the methods of tax debt management in Ukraine. The work examines the main problems related to tax debt, in particular, the complexity of the debt collection procedure and the duration of the process of selling the mortgaged property. The impact of these factors on the national economy is analyzed, including a decrease in revenues to the state budget and a threat to the country's financial stability. The effectiveness of the sale of mortgaged property after 2017 is analyzed and gaps in the legislation are given, which allow enterprises to function with little or no capital, which indicates serious shortcomings in the system of forced collection of tax debt. This leads to a significant decrease in state budget revenues, which in turn limits the financing of important social and economic programs. Thus, the ineffectiveness of tax debt management endangers the country's financial stability. The article indicates the existing threat of loss of revenues to the national economy due to the possibility of alienation of liquid property by the taxpayer during the period of legal appeal. Preservation of the right of tax lien during this period could prevent the alienation of the debtor's property and ensure repayment of the tax debt at the expense of its realization. A more rational and effective approach is proposed, which involves the adoption by the court of a single decision on the repayment of the tax debt at the expense of cash and collateral property of the debtor. This approach will provide greater "flexibility" and allow the most effective collection measures to be applied to a specific debtor depending on the state of his economic activity. Improvement of these processes will contribute to increasing the efficiency of tax debt management, ensure stable revenues to the state and local budgets, and strengthen the national economy of Ukraine. The article emphasizes the need to guarantee the fairness, transparency and efficiency of the use of the tax lien. It is important to take into account the interests of all stakeholders, including taxpayers and the state, so that this tool works for the benefit of the economy and society.

Research background:Today, the acceptance of fiscal policy decisions necessitates the analysis of policy efficiency with the help of optimization issues, the study of cause-and-effect relationships between budget expenditures and macroeconomic indicators such as economic growth, revenues, and the evaluation of a number of econometric models among all. The need for these areas makes it important to study and analyze the effects of fiscal policy on the economy, which allows to justify the relevance of the topic of the article.Purpose of the article:The article is devoted to the assessment of the fiscal and economic consequences of changes in oil prices in the world market, as well as the study of the relationship between state budget revenues and government expenditure in Azerbaijan. It was revealed that a 1% increase in oil prices, in the long run, increased Azerbaijan’s GDP by 0.52% and state budget expenditures by 0.88%. The calculations allow to conclude that there is a high correlation between government spending and state budget revenues in Azerbaijan. The obtained result indicates a positive relationship between the aforementioned economic variables.Methods:The most common method of analyzing the possible causal relationship between macroeconomic indicators is the causality test proposed by Granger in 1969. However, from a methodological point of view, the application of this test to study the causal relationship between economic indicators requires these indicators to be stationary. This statistical feature can be violated in the case of the economic indicator having the single root elements. To do this, we tested the Unit root problem of the variable using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test. Simultaneously, a number of other important features of the evaluated models were tested and the adequacy of the models was confirmed.Findings & Value added: As a result of the research, it was determined that there is a short-term and long-term causal relationship between world oil prices and Azerbaijan’s GDP and state budget expenditures. According to the results, a 1 percent increase in oil prices leads to the increase of the current level of GDP growth in Azerbaijan by 0.20 percent in the short term, and by 0.52 percent in the long term. Parallelly, it was revealed that a 1 percent increase in world oil prices leads to a 0.88 percent increase in Azerbaijan’s state budget expenditures in the long run. The correlation between Azerbaijan’s government expenditures and state budget revenues was analyzed, and a high correlation between these two macroeconomic indicators was identified.

The state budget balance is always an extremely important issue for each government. In 2020, Vietnam has a relatively small-scale economy. Its economic scale and GDP per capita reached 271.2 billion USD and 2,779 USD respectively. Budget revenue is still limited, but the need for recurrent spending and development investment is still very large now and in many years to come. In the past time, budget revenue and expenditure are in a situation of not having the necessary balance, the state budget deficit has been still around 4.5 percent of GDP. The actual state budget revenue and expenditure balance have been revealing several disadvantages. Faced to such a situation, the author would like to present some important issues about the state budget revenue and expenditure and propose key solutions to increase the efficiency of state budget revenue and expenditure in Vietnam.

Taxes are among the key economic instruments by means of which the state fulfils its functions in the economy. Depending on the relation of an object of taxation to a source of tax, two tax types are distinguished: direct taxes, where the nominal (formal) and real taxpayers are clearly identical, and indirect taxes, where such identity is not present, i.e., a formal source of a tax is not the same as its real source. This paper intends to discuss the fiscal significance of indirect taxes to the state budget. The analysis implies the indirect taxes generate high budget receipts not only at times of economic growth but also during economic crises. In 2016-2020, indirect taxation accounted for the largest proportion (an average of 70%) of all the state budget?s tax revenue. A dominant status of the value added tax among the overall income of the state budget could be noted as well. It constituted 44% of the total income on average at the time. In addition, the results of a correlation matrix show a strong link between the state budget revenue and indirect taxes. A statistical analysis affirms the research hypothesis that indirect taxation has a considerable impact on the state budget?s revenue.

Purpose – analyze the impact of gaming business legalization in Ukraine on state budget revenues. It aims to explore the economic benefits of this process, including increased tax revenues, licensing fees, and investment attraction. Additionally, the article seeks to highlight the potential risks and challenges associated with gambling regulation, such as social consequences and the necessity of effective state control. Design/methodology/approach – In the article, a method of document analysis was employed to examine the legal framework governing KRAIL’s operations and the oversight of gambling activities in Ukraine. This method was also applied to the review of KRAIL's activity reports from 2021 to 2024, including statistical data on financial contributions to the state budget, the quantity of licenses issued across various business categories, and the volume of tax revenues generated by the gambling industry during this period. Furthermore, an economic-mathematical approach was utilized, specifically the logarithmic factor analysis of multiplicative models, to analyze the average amount of funds contributed to the state budget per license issued by KRAIL for key business types in Ukraine from 2021 to 2023 Findings – This study successfully proved the main hypothesis, namely: “The legalization of the gambling business in Ukraine will contribute to increased revenues to the state budget”. The study allowed for the identification of the main prospects and risks associated with the legalization of the gambling business in Ukraine. The legalization of the gaming industry has contributed to state budget revenues through licensing fees, taxes, and associated economic activities. However, the actual fiscal impact depends on effective tax collection and enforcement mechanisms. The impact of the legalization of the gambling business on the economic, social and other aspects of the country’s development was assessed Practical implications – Іn general, the practical application of the results from the article can contribute to the development of the gambling business in Ukraine, ensuring its transparency, efficiency and social responsibility. This article may be of particular interest to researchers and experts, as the research results may form the basis for further research in the field of gambling business and its impact on the economy and society. Experts can also use the research results to develop recommendations for improving the regulation of the gambling business and increasing its effectiveness. It is also of great interest to gambling market participants, as the research results can help gambling operators make informed decisions about their activities, taking into account market trends and regulatory requirements, and information on the prospects for the development of the gambling business in Ukraine can contribute to attracting investment in this area. The research results can also be of particular value to public authorities, as the research results can be used to develop an effective strategy for the development of the gambling business in Ukraine, taking into account economic, social and other aspects. It is important to note that gambling legislation in Ukraine is subject to change, especially due to the ongoing conflict. Always refer to the most current legislation and regulatory framework. Originality/value – This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legalization of the gaming business in Ukraine as a tool for increasing state budget revenues. Unlike previous studies that focus solely on the economic impact, this research also considers the balance between financial benefits and social risks. The originality of this study lies in its examination of Ukraine’s unique regulatory framework, comparing it with international best practices, and evaluating the effectiveness of current policies. The article contributes to the ongoing discussion on responsible gambling, state control, and the long-term sustainability of the legalized gaming industry. Also, the conclusions and recommendations offered in the article can help in developing an effective strategy for the development of the gambling business in Ukraine. The analysis of KRAIL’s activities will contribute to the improvement of legislation governing the gambling business, ensuring its transparency and effectiveness. Information on the prospects for the development of the gambling business in Ukraine can contribute to attracting investment in this area. The scientific value is explained by the fact that the article can serve as a basis for further research in the field of gambling business and its impact on the economy and society.

This study draws attention to a novel approach to shaping the revenues of the State Budget of Ukraine. To shed light on the situation concerning revenue formation, a quick analysis of Ukraine's key macroeconomic indicators, including budget revenues from 2017 to 2021, was conducted. As a result, trends in the dynamics of GDP, essential social standards, inflation, average wages, and the unemployment rate were revealed. It was highlighted that in some years, the minimum pension level was lower than the inflation rate, which is a concerning development. The behavioral approach, with specific reference to the application of its individual provisions in the budgeting process, is explained in detail. An interpretation of the key concepts of this approach, encompassing economic activity and economic interests, is provided. It is argued that the application of the behavioral approach allows for the identification of motives behind inefficient income planning at various stages of State Budget preparation. Furthermore, it enables the consolidation of the motivational interests of specific participants in the budget project. An important advantage of this approach is the potential to formulate preventive measures to mitigate corruption issues during the various stages of the budget process. The primary components of the financial concept were developed utilizing relevant theoretical constructs in revenue formation for the budget. This concept consists of six parts, which include fundamental theoretical constructs, taking into account the psychological traits of the Ukrainian populace, identifying reserves in State Budget revenues, risk mitigation, enhancing the revenue mechanism, and increasing the involvement of public organizations in the budget process. The rationale for employing fundamental theoretical constructs in the budget preparation process, notably new monetarism, sustainable development, neoclassical synthesis, and the theory of happiness, is discussed. Special attention is given to considering the psychological characteristics of the Ukrainian people, which can aid in the development of optimal budget revenues. To mitigate potential revenue shortfalls, preventive measures are proposed. Notably, there's a strong emphasis on improving the mechanism for revenue formation and collection, underscoring the need to enhance the accountability of regulatory body personnel. The wisdom of increasing the participation of public entities in the budget process is justified. Furthermore, it is recommended that reasoned proposals regarding budget revenues be submitted by scientific institutions, sector-specific public organizations, and analytical agencies. In conclusion, it is posited that the proposed financial concept, grounded in a behavioral approach and accounting for the realities of the Postmodern era, will contribute to an increase in revenues for the State Budget of Ukraine.

A significant place in the social and economic development of each country belongs to the problems of the budget, because the budget belongs to the sphere of public life that directly affects the interests of all members of society. The budget of any country reflects the important economic, social and political problems of the state and each person in particular. At the same time, the successful solution of budget problems is possible only if a proper understanding of its essence, role and place in the system of economic relations. For any country, the state budget is the main link in the financial system. As part of this system, it combines the main financial categories: income and expenditure of the country, the tax system, public credit, public debt in their closest coexistence. The budget as a financial plan of public expenditures and sources of their coverage plays an important role in the activities of the state. It determines its capabilities and development priorities, its role and forms of implementation of the functions assigned to it. It is an effective regulator of that economy reflects the amount of financial resources required by the state, determines specific areas of use of funds, directs the financial activities of the state. The article analyzes and defines the essence of revenues and expenditures of the state budget. The state and dynamics of state budget revenues and budget expenditures are studied. A comparison of state budget revenues and expenditures was made and it was investigated that expenditures significantly exceed revenues, and therefore the state budget is in deficit. The factors of formation of revenues and expenditures of the state budget at the present stage are determined. The dynamics of GDP growth rates and state revenues are analyzed budget, as well as the impact of GDP on the state budget. The peculiarities of the influence of the foreign trade factor on the revenues and expenditures of the state budget are determined. The influence and shares of exports and imports in the state budget revenues are studied. The current problems of imbalance of the state budget and the causes of the state budget deficit are identified. Ways to balance revenues and expenditures at the present stage are proposed. The dynamics of indicators of export and import of Ukraine is analyzed. The problems of Ukraine 's foreign trade at the present stage are investigated and perspective directions of improvement of the existing state of the export – import policy of the state are determined.

This study examines the role of the oil and gas industry in ensuring economic stability in Azerbaijan and provides a comprehensive synthesis of theoretical and empirical approaches to sustainable economic development. The research employs comparative analysis, logical generalization, systematic approaches, and methods of analysis and synthesis to assess the impact of carbohydrates on macroeconomic stability, state budget revenues, and structural diversi­fication. The study highlights that oil and gas revenues remain a central stabilizing factor in Azer­baijan’s economy, contributing significantly to fiscal inflows, GDP growth, and intergenerational equity through institutional mechanisms such as the State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan (SOFAZ). Histo­rical evidence, including the “Dutch disease” phenomenon, illustrates the risks of overreliance on carbohydrates and emphasizes the need for economic diversification and structural reforms. Empirical findings reveal that oil revenues account for approximately 46% of the state budget, while production trends indicate a gradual decline in oil output and moderate growth in natural gas production. The calculated economic diversification coefficient demonstrates that Azerbaijan’s economy remains insufficiently diversified, around 40% below the optimal level, underlining the urgent need for policy measures that promote non-oil sectors, infrastructure development, and human capital accumulation. The study also considers global energy trends, the transition to renewable energy, and the integration of sustainability principles in line with international frameworks such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The originality of the research lies in quantifying the depreciation coefficient of the economy, assessing the share of oil revenues in state budget revenues, and evaluating the macroeconomic impact of hydrocarbon dependency. The results provide practical implications for policymakers to strategically allocate oil revenues, strengthen institutional governance, and accelerate economic diversification to ensure long-term economic resilience. In conclusion, achieving sustainable economic development in Azerbaijan requires a balanced approach that integrates energy security, renewable energy adoption, structural transformation, and alignment with global sustainability objectives.

The pandemic caused by the COVID-19 has changed the trends of the world and domestic economy, the state of public finances, socio-cultural life of the population. The conditions for implementing the reform of administrative and financial decentralization initiated in the country have become more complicated. In such conditions, the growing epidemiological resilience of territorial communities is the most important competitive advantage of their development. The aim of the article is to study the development trends of Ukraine’s economy at the regional and local levels under the influence of the COVID crisis, to identify ways to overcome its negative consequences for the economy of regions and territorial communities. Methods. The following methods were used for the study: abstract-logical, comparative analysis, graphical visualization, statistical. The article analyzes the negative trends in the economy of the regions under the influence of quarantine measures introduced in connection with the COVID-19 epidemic: declining economic activity of industrial and agricultural enterprises, investment, regions’ export-import, and state and local budget revenues. The negative social effects of quarantine measures have been identified: a decrease in the average wage and the level of employment, an increase in the number of forced leave without pay. The article describes the features of state regulation of business activities in an epidemic and their impact on the content of state and local budgets. The paper emphasizes that the accelerated endogenous economic growth of territorial communities and the involvement in the economic turnover of resources not yet involved and their transformation into development assets is the way out of the situation. Ways of reorientation of business and state support of territorial communities are offered.

In the conditions of acceleration of rates of economic growth the question of formation of the State budget of the country acquires special urgency. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main trends in budget revenues in Ukraine, the study of the proportion of taxes in the overall structure of the revenue side. The purpose of the study led to the formation of the following tasks: study of the main items of the State budget revenues of Ukraine, their comparative analysis and proposals for increasing the revenue base of the State taking into account social inequality and peculiarities of mentality. In the course of the analysis such methods of scientific cognition as analysis, comparison, statistical, graphic were used. In the course of the research it was determined that the following types of revenues occupy the largest share in the country's revenues: value added tax, corporate income tax, excise tax. Value added tax has the greatest fiscal potential, as the tax base is concentrated within the consumer needs of individuals and legal entities. The process of consumption is continuous, which is why value added tax can be considered a stable source of budget revenues. However, the high share of taxes in the overall revenue structure is not able to provide the current expenditures of the country, so there is a need to expand sources of funding. The authors proposed a number of measures aimed at increasing the State budget revenues: transition to long-term budget planning, expanding the tax base by introducing luxury taxes, introducing rational property taxation, transition from proportional to progressive personal income taxation system. At this, the authors emphasize the gradual introduction of tax changes, as an instantaneous change of direction can lead to an increase in the level of the shadow economy. Such measures will increase budget revenues and minimize the need for credit resources (public lending).

In recent years, the management and administration of the budget in Luang Prabang province has been gradually strengthened, in which special attention has been paid to the renovation of provincial state budget revenue and expenditure management. Thanks to this, the provincial budget revenue and expenditure management has achieved some important results. However, in reality, the regular management of revenue and expenditure of the state budget in Luang Prabang province is still limited, not meeting the development needs well. The article analyzes the situation of the state budget revenue and expenditure management in Luang Prabang province in the recent time, based on which discusses some solutions to enhance the management of budget revenue and expenditure, in order to improve effective use of state budget capital, creating confidence for people in the country’s renewal process.

The purpose of research is to develop a conceptual model for assessing the impact of the gender aspect on economic policy at macro– and microeconomic levels. The research methodology is based on analysing scientific approaches to the gender aspect in economics and gender–responsive budgeting as well as determining the impact of the gender aspect on GDP, foreign trade, the state budget and the labour market. First, the major findings encompass the main idea of a conceptual model proposing that a socio–economic picture of society can be accepted as completed only when, alongside public and private sectors, includes the care/reproductive sector that is dominated by women and creating added value in the form of educated human resources; second, macroeconomics is not neutral in terms of gender equality. Gender asymmetry is manifested not only at the level of microeconomics (labour market and business) but also at the level of macroeconomics (GDP, the state budget and foreign trade), which has a negative impact on economic growth and state budget revenues. In this regard, economic decisions, according to the principles of gender equality and in order to achieve gender equality in economics, must be made, as the gender aspect has to be also implemented at the macroeconomic level.

A comparative analysis of the fiscal policy of Poland and Ukraine has been conducted in the academic paper in the context of its impact on economic development. In particular, the effectiveness of the application of the following instruments of fiscal policy has been compared, namely: state budget deficit, state budget expenditures and their structure, state budget revenues, their structure and tax benefits, as well as state debt policy. The basic advantages of Poland’s fiscal policy over Ukraine’s fiscal policy have been outlined. The attention is focused on the shortcomings of the fiscal policy of Ukraine from the point of view of its impact on economic growth, as well as ways of optimizing fiscal instruments, taking into account the experience of Poland. Purpose: a comparative analysis of the fiscal policy of Poland and Ukraine in order to determine the advantages and disadvantages of its impact on economic development, as well as to outline the vectors of adaptation of the best experience for the national economy. Design/Methodology/Approach: In order to achieve the purpose outlined, the following methods have been used, namely: analysis and synthesis; economic and statistical analysis and comparison; economic and mathematical; generalization. Results. It has been proved that the fiscal policy of Poland is aimed at the development of economic infrastructure and building an economic model of the state based on the manufacture of products with a high share of value added. It has been substantiated that the fiscal policy of Ukraine does not have significant effects on economic development due to the use of such instruments as public debt and capital expenditures, however, the external debt dependence of the state is quite high. Apart from that, it has been proved that the fiscal policy of Ukraine does not increase the level of economic complexity and development of the processing industry through the implementation of tax benefits. It has been proposed to increase the efficiency of tax authorities in Ukraine in terms of combating the shadow economy, boost the share of capital expenditures and raise the level of conversion of public debt into economic growth.

The purpose of the study is to study the role of the oil and gas industry in ensuring the sustainability of economic stability in Azerbaijan and to systematize and generalize theoretical approaches in this direction. Research methodology - comparative analysis, logical generalization, systematic approach, mathematical analysis, analysis and synthesis methods were used in the research work. Applied significance of the study - the results of the research can be used to ensure the sustainability of economic stability, to assess and regulate the effects of oil on the economy. Research results - The price of oil varies depending on the economic and political processes taking place in the international arena. This also affects the state budget and the economic development of the country. Therefore, using oil revenues can be useful for the development of other sectors of the national economy and the effective construction of the structure of the economy. Originality and scientific novelty of the study - The diversification coefficient of the economy, the share of oil revenues in the state budget revenues, the impact of oil revenues on the state budget, the Hirschmann-Herfindahl index were calculated and relevant trends were studied

The primary objective of the paper is to investigate the main directions of decentralization reform, trends in local budget revenues in Ukraine, to assess the impact of decentralization reform on the structure and composition of local budgets financial resources, to identify the ways of their optimization. The main components of decentralization reform, the main practical results of territorial and fiscal decentralization in Ukraine are formulated in this paper. Analysis of the development of voluntary territorial communities association in the country during the last five years is carried out. The principles of public administration and the development of normative regulation of local self-government, voluntary association of territorial communities and their cooperation are investigated. It is determined that the practical result of administrative-territorial decentralization is to ensure the creation of new capable territorial entities – united territorial communities. The practical result of tax decentralization is the increase of financial capacity of the united territorial communities. The dynamics of the share of local taxes and fees in own revenues of the general local budgets fund is considered, special attention is paid to such national tax as personal income tax. The dependence of local budgets on transfers from the state budget is noted. And all this on the basis of achievement the ratio of state and local budget revenues of most EU countries is 50:50. The directions of reducing the risk of financial unreliability of local governments under COVID-19 conditions are determined. The difficulties of tax administration of large taxpayers; the main factors determining the size of the shadow economy in the country are investigated. There is no direct relationship between the level of taxation in Ukraine and the level shadow economy. The assessment of the extent of concealment and incomplete reporting of domestic businesses according to the survey in the framework of the SHADOW project is made. The consequences of increasing shadow economy share in the country are determined. The experience of several European countries in personal income taxation is studied, the peculiarities of granting the right to apply the social tax benefit from the personal income tax is determined. Recommendations for optimizing the taxation of individuals in terms of taxation of dividends are provided in this paper.