Sources of structural change: an input-output decomposition analysis for Greece

The object of this research is the impact of technological changes on the dynamics of economic development of enterprises. The main hypothesis is the assumption of the presence of such an impact for a significant number of companies. The implementation of this research made it possible to make a certain contribution to the process of solving the problem of finding ways to accelerate the economic development of business entities. At the same time, technological changes were divided into three groups, namely: resource-saving; changes that ensure the improvement of the quality of the enterprise's products; changes that ensure the improvement of management, sales and other processes at enterprises. A methodological approach to assessing the impact of technological changes on the dynamics of economic development of companies was also developed. This approach involves the implementation of two main methods of assessment, namely: establishing the presence or absence of such an impact and determining the magnitude of the impact of technological changes on the dynamics of economic development of enterprises. The testing of the developed tool on a sample of industrial enterprises showed that the impact of technological changes on the dynamics of their economic development exists and is statistically significant. At the same time, the average impact of technological changes on the growth of financial results of enterprises is quite high. In particular, the average values of the indicator of the impact of technological changes on the net profit of those enterprises that have undergone at least two types of such changes, by type of economic activity, range from 11.25% to 13.32%. Since a significant number of the enterprises studied have not carried out technological changes in recent years, at least some of these enterprises may have significant potential to accelerate their economic development. The developed toolkit for assessing the impact of technological changes on the dynamics of economic development of enterprises can be used to establish the presence and extent of such an impact both at the level of an individual company and at the industry level. This will allow owners and managers of enterprises to increase the validity of the strategies for technological renewal of these enterprises.

The primary goal of Chinese agricultural development is to guarantee national food security and the supply of major agricultural products. Hence, the improvement of agricultural technology plays a vital role in China for economic development. Technological change in agricultural sector results in higher future economic growth as well as food security, both in food consumption and availability. By constructing China’s agriculture general equilibrium model (CGE), this paper explains the impact of agricultural technology change. This paper constructs a dynamic CGE model based on CHINAGEM model for analyzing the technology increase in China Agricultural sector and then describes the construction of database and policy scenario. Model such as Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is used to conduct analysis of the economy-wide impacts of new agricultural technologies in China. In the general equilibrium model, some external variables are established; any part of structural changes caused by its exogenous variables can affect the entire system, resulting in general changes of goods, prices and quantity of factor. Simulation result of this paper indicates the agriculture sector output increases respectively; employment decreases; production cost decreases; and investment increases. Finally this paper describes the effects of the policy of technology changes by comparing policy scenario to baseline scenario and explains the impact of technology changes in China economy using CHINAGEM model.

Structural economic change theory focuses on the process through which economic structures have been transformed from traditional agriculture economy to more modern and industrially diverse manufacturing and service ones. The purpose of this paper is to detect the pattern of structural changes of the Lithuanian economy and to evaluate it in the global context. Structural economic statistics of the countries provide a view of a particular year delivered by indicator of the level of output in a considered sector of selected country’s economy. Research methodology is based on the classic three-sector model, which involves structural changes’ assessment methods and comparative analysis of statistical data on economic structures. The main findings reveal peculiarities of the structural change tendencies of the Lithuanian economy in the global context. First of all, the economies of selected countries are being analyzed from the point of view of three-sectoral divisions, such as agriculture, industry and services; the authors highlight the main tendencies of global economy taken by regions. After further in-depth analysis of the Lithuanian economic structural changes’ assessment in the context of the other countries (regions) has been carried out and new evidence on patterns of structural change has been provided, concluding remarks have been formulated. Authors provide insights about peculiarities of Lithuanian economy’s structural changes, which could potentially lead to respective policy implications, ultimately aiming acceleration of economic development.

Structural change and the bid-ask spread: evidence from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE)

The paper focuses on the problem of structural transformation of the economy of a mountain agrarian region. Technological changes in the production functions of the agricultural sector cause adaptation of the employment structure and, as a consequence, the production structure of the economy of an open region in the medium term. The regional development of small mountain regions with a traditional structure of the economy largely depends on the trajectory for encouraging structural changes. We have presented a model of the impact of technological changes in the agricultural sector on structural changes in the economy of a mountain agrarian region in the medium term, and the classification of technological changes into three types: land-saving, labor-saving and neutral. The proposed model is a two-factor model of the aggregated production function in a small open regional economy, which describes the impact of technological changes on the transformation of the sectoral structure. In the model, the region is a small open agrarian economy with immobile production factors. The conditions of equilibrium in statics are considered and analyzed. It is evidenced that land and labor force as production factors are strong complements, which contribute to the outflow of labor force from the agricultural sector due to labor-saving technological changes in the agricultural sector. It is shown how the proposed model helps make a strategic choice of the program of agricultural extension in a small region with an open economy.

Most explanations for the declining labor share focus on structural changes such as deindustrialization, globalization, financialization, market concentration, and technological change. We argue that these forces operate through a bargaining power channel and that the reduction in the labor share has been driven by lower bargaining power for workers. We first estimate the relationship between bargaining power and labors share of income using a bounds-testing approach and find a significant negative relationship. We then create novel indices of structural change and estimate regressions of the cost of job loss, generally finding that increases in structural change have both increased the cost of job loss and amplified its volatility over the business cycle. Our analysis therefore supports the hypothesis that the decline in the labor share is driven by decreased labor bargaining power and suggests that structural economic changes and weak economic performance in the U.S. have increased inequality.

This dissertation focuses on the impact of technological changes on workers based onthe task-based model. In the first chapter, I first investigate the impacts of two types of technologies on employment and job choices in the directed search model. The relationship between technology and labor with respect to complementarity and substitutability defines technology as labor-augmenting and labor-saving. Progress of labor-augmenting technology mainly works in jobs hiring highly-skilled workers in positive ways while labor-saving technological development affects jobs with middle-skilled workers in destructive ways during the last two decades in KLIPS data. The consequence of technological advances intensifies the advantage of highly skilled workers relative to unskilled workers. Then, the second part examines how employment and the adoption of new technology are affected if workers raise their skill level in response to technological changes. Two possible scenarios predict the results of an increasing supply of high-skilled workers. When firms voluntarily control the skill requirements, it causes the incidence of overqualification that increases the earning inequality, and labor-saving technologies worsen the problem in routine task jobs. However, technology innovation is accelerated. The price adjustment can naturally correct the oversupply of the highly skilled by changing the incentive to move up the job ladder. It is carried out through the reduced dispersion of technical developments and therefore decreased earning gap across tasks. In the second chapter, I examine how differently routine-biased technological changes affect unskilled workers by their innate ability and work experience. This chapter answers why some workers keep their jobs and others do not when labor-saving technologies take the worker’s role over. To focus on routine-biased technological changes, it covers high school graduates who might have either routine or manual tasks in the United States. In a random search model, workers follow the Nash bargaining wage to choose where to apply. Since the wage depends on productivity that varies by their innate ability and work experience, workers’ job search is delimited by their characteristics. The model simulates the impact of routine-biased technological changes with falling labor productivity in routine tasks, leading to wages dropping and routine jobs decreasing. From the lowest ability, those who were in the routine task sector are crowded out. The unemployment rate of unskilled workers increases even though more manual jobs are created due to lower wages. Work experience makes those who are exposed to a risk of separation survive. It distinguishes the high unemployment rate of

Since the 1930s there has been much focusing in research on the effects of technological change in industry and the wider economy. This paper aims to analyze the impact of radical technological change, that is drawn sheet glass and float glass, on the peripheral Scandinavian flat glass industry over the twentieth century. We focus on technological change from the viewpoint of the emergence of a dominant design and its diffusion, and we will apply in our analysis a modified version of the dominant design model proposed by organizational scientists. This model is useful in this case since it includes also the dimension of time. We will make the analysis more comprehensive by taking into account also the markets outside Scandinavia, i.e. in the rest of Europe and North America. This research therefore aims to increase our understanding ofthe impact on industry ofradical technological change.

This study aims to analyze the impacts of natural disasters (total affected and total damages), technological change and education on poverty rates using 38 selected developing countries over the period of 1984-2013. A panel regression method is used in estimating the model. The results show that more impactful natural calamities will increase the poverty rate (positive relationships), while the impact of technological change has brought the poverty rate down to the lowest level (negative relationships). However, this study finds positive relationships between technological change and poverty, with an increase in technology causing a rise in poverty. The study also reveals a negative relationship between education on poverty. This implies that improvements in education can play an important role in increasing welfare and reducing poverty in developing countries. The results of this study suggest that education might be the best solution for minimizing the impact of natural disaster and poverty avoidance.

This book has examined the relationship between inequality, growth and technological change along two lines: first, the impact of wealth/income inequality on an economy’s growth rate (of output, capital, consumption and productivity), and, second, the impact of both technological change and capital accumulation on the income distribution. Concerning the latter line, the book has followed the recent literature in focusing primarily on the impact of technological change on earnings inequality.

The impact of economic restructuring on the spatial pattern of urbanization in Poland

This issue contains a Perspective article by Dr. Richard Cramer, who is known by all as the inventor of the popular 3D QSAR method CoMFA. A December 2010 search of Google Scholar identified approximately 3,000 articles that discuss or use CoMFA. Hence, it is of great interest to read Dr. Cramer’s perspective of QSAR as he reflects on the results from the 22 years since the original publication of the method and his more than 30 years experience with QSAR. Although the Perspective focuses on propriety software, the results have implications beyond that software, indeed beyond QSAR and CoMFA. The most important lesson is the realization that there is a distinction between a predictive QSAR model and molecular modeling to investigate physical reality. Any QSAR model must emphasize the differences in the ligand structure that lead to differences in biological potency. If these differences are correctly encoded, the QSAR will be predictive. Because traditional QSAR meets the criterion of focusing on differences in ligand structures, this may explain its continued success. Its problem can be to generate accurate descriptions of the molecules. Dr. Cramer shows that considering the 3D properties of the ligand structures is a two-edged sword. Traditional CoMFA and related methodologies base their fits and predictions on the 3D locations of hydrogen bonding and steric occupancy. This improvement over traditional 2D QSAR is complicated by the necessity to choose a conformation for each molecule and how to align the molecules. Whereas these 3D properties may be more realistic, one may be tempted to generate a realistic model of the binding. It often happens that there are subtle differences in the low-energy 3D structures of molecules that are similar in 2D. Because these differences are the direct result of changes in the structures of the ligands, using these changes to suggest the potency of untested molecules adds noise to the relationship between changes in the ligand structures and changes in their bioactivity. The Perspective starts with a summary of unpublished results: specifically, the accuracy of Topomer CoMFA potency forecasts. In the four known cases in which the method was applied, the potency of the 140 newly synthesized molecules was predicted within 0.5 log units. In every series the accuracy of the predictions was greater than that from leave-one-out cross-validation. To understand the significance of these results, it is important to recognize that Topomer CoMFA discards the idea of generating molecular descriptors from low energy conformations of whole molecules as superimposed: Instead, the molecules are decomposed into molecular fragments, one fragment per position on the common ‘‘core’’, and aligned on the bond that attaches the fragment to the core. Importantly, the 3D conformation of each fragment is not chosen to be a low-energy one, but rather to follow a predefined heuristic. The QSAR analysis uses these fragments in the traditional CoMFA paradigm of calculating electrostatic and steric fields and analyzing the results with PLS. Dr. Cramer emphasizes the relentless focus of Topomer CoMFA on changes in the structure of the small molecule as the sole reason for their change in biological potency: it is changes in the structure of the small molecule that is responsible for changes in the observed potency, whether or not the changes in the 2D structure of the small molecule leads to changes in the 3D structure of the target biomolecule or even in the small molecule as compared to other Y. C. Martin (&) Waukegan, IL, USA e-mail: yvonnecmartin@comcast.net

Postwar structural and technological changes in the American economy

Current studies consider structural changes not as a consequence, but as one of the sources of economic growth. However, this connection is not absolute and the changes intensity depends on many factors, one of which is technological development, which is associated primarily with the formation of Industry 4.0. This chapter presents the results of the structural changes analysis of the European Union countries economies, the United States and Russia between 2007 and 2017, calculated by Gatev’s integral structural change coefficient, in accordance with the growth rate indicators of the information technology sector. The highest annual structural changes were observed in 2009 in foreign countries. Since 2010 the structure of value added has remained relatively stable, but there was a slight increase in 2015 in the United States. The Russian Federation shows two peak values in 2009 and 2011 and a smaller high value in 2015. A neural network is used as a tool for predicting structural changes. The prediction results show a direct dependence between structural changes in the economy and the IT industry indicators, and the dependencies configuration allows us to conclude that the processes in this sector of economy are stabilized and unlikely to lead to structural changes in the near future.KeywordsStructural changes in the economyEconomic growthInformation and communication technologiesStructural change coefficientJEL CodesO11O47R12

Correlation between the phenomena of structural changes and poverty comes from the structural change in developing countries That requires sharp turns in the paths of economic policies based on the package according to of Economic trends that differ from those adopted by the stste,and often,What comes from this The effects of economic changes is desirable to pay several categories of members of the community toward or below the poverty line, so it has targeted a research measure the effect of structural changes in rural poverty for the Arab States (Iraq, Egypt) for the period 1990-2010, through the dentification of structural variables that affect poverty, has represented the relationship between poverty index (the average per capita income) As a variable "follower " and has a determinant of the contribution of the agricultural output in GDP, agricultural labor, agricultural area, the proportion of agricultural labor / employment College, mechanical technology, capital invested in agriculture as independent variables, and through the identification of the inability of the agricultural sector in Iraq to accept the rapid growth of The difficulty of creating complete the process of structural transformation toward modify the structure of the agricultural sector, creating the problem of poverty to that of necessity require the development of the infrastructure in the countryside and increase and develop Agricultural research centers and support for agrarian reform and the establishment of appropriate and mainly in areas with strong social disparities and poverty and food insecurity as a means to encourage Get more broadly on the land, water and natural resources and control. As in Egypt to study results indicate that the percentage of the poverty rate for the Aasthen and severity of poverty and inequality in Distribution of poverty is concentrated in the villages than in urban areas, indicating the impact of economic reform and structural changes, so the study recommends that the followers of a number of measures to combat Poverty through the implementation of the three entrances is not independent from each other: the entrance to strengthen growth, human development entrance, the entrance of well-being.